FMEA is as a method for assessing IT risks. This research aimed to examine the consistency of both traditional FMEA and improved FMEA in IT risk assessment. Improved FMEA is the result of a synthesis framework to minimize consistency in traditional FMEA. Two sets of action research cycles (plan, act, observe, reflect) were applied in this research. Action Research 1 was used to examine and prove the consistency of traditional FMEA. On the other hand, Action Research 2 was applied to examine the consistency of improved FMEA. Tests were carried out by two different teams in the same case study. The consistency was observed in the gap of the RPN results in both teams, and the differences result in both action research cycles. Action Research 1 proved that traditional FMEA was not consistent. The gap in the amount of risk at a very high level was four risks. However, Action research 2 had the same amount of risk at a very high level. Based on the correlation test, the consistency of action research 1 was 0.848 (very large correlation), and the action research 2 was 0.937 (near-perfect correlation). The consistency of improved FMEA proved to be more consistent than traditional FMEA. The limitation of this study was memory issues because both action research cycles were carried out by the same team and with similar case studies. Further research is expected to compare traditional FMEA and improved FMEA in different case studies. The theoretical contribution was the improved FMEA synthesis based on limitations of traditional FMEA. The FMEA team may use Improved FMEA Framework.

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The Digital Transformation (DX) potentially affects productivity and efficiency while offering high risks to organizations. Necessary frameworks and tools to help organizations navigate such radical changes are needed. An extended framework of DMM is presented through a comparative analysis of various digital maturity models and qualitative approaches through expert feedback. The maturity level determination uses the Emprise test of the international standard ISO/IEC Assessment known as SPICE. This research reveals seven interrelated dimensions for supporting the success of DX as a form of development of an existing Maturity Model. The DX–Self Assessment Maturity Model (DX-SAMM) is built to guide organizations by providing a broad roadmap for improving digital maturity. This article presents a digital maturity model from a holistic point of view and meets the criteria for assessment maturity. The case study results show that DX-SAMM can identify DX maturity levels while providing roadmap recommendations for increasing maturity levels in every aspect of its dimensions. It offers practical implications for improving maturity levels and the ease of real-time monitoring and evaluating digital maturity. With the development of maturity measurement, DX-SAMM contributes to the sustainability of the organization by proposing DX strategies in the future based on the current maturity achievements.

This research aims to analyse how perceived benefits and risks drive social media use despite the concern for privacy violations in Indonesia. The focus of the study is to investigate the pattern of social media use based on generational age groups. An approach based on the combination of Privacy Calculus Theory and Communication Privacy Management is used to explain the patterns of social media use. Privacy awareness and information manipulation help solving the constant social media use despite the concern for privacy violations. The findings show that Generation X uses social media mainly to maintain existing relationships. Generation Y uses social media for business and building self-image. Generation Z uses social media for more varied purposes, eg, developing and maintaining connections, building self-image, expressing thoughts and emotions, and seeking entertainment. Further research can use the proposed conceptual model as a quantitative approach to get broader perspectives on the issue and add demographic factors. Future research can also highlight the types of social media to generate more real results. K E Y W O R D Sbenefit, intentions to use, privacy concern, risk, social media

The research aimed to develop a model for managing change consisting of detailed processes and activities that include changes in technology, organizations, and individuals in the implementation of information systems. The change management model developed in the research was used as a guideline for managing changes that occur when implementing changes in information systems in higher education. This change management model was developed using the action research method to obtain a model that fits the practical conditions. The model included the process and details of activities which were obtained in two ways, namely by identifying the success factors of implementing information systems in previous studies and interviewing information system implementers in tertiary institutions to obtain practical change management activities. The proposed change management model has been verified and validated where the results show that the process in the model is in accordance with expert theory. The results of using this model indicate that the management of changes in information systems can be carried out in a clearer and more structured.