BACKGROUND Dry eye is a common disease affecting worldwide. Dry eye is defined as a multifactorial disease of tears and ocular surface that results in discomfort, visual disturbance and tear film instability with potential damage to the ocular surface and is due to increased osmolarity of tear film and inflammation of ocular surface according to International Dry Eye Workshop (2007). Medical students are often affected with dry eyes due to use of projectors, computers for study and also due to use of mobiles. METHODS A cross sectional, questionnaire based survey was conducted among 350 medical students of our college. Proforma included demographic details, contact lens use, hours of electronic devices usage, extraocular and ocular symptoms. Dry eye was subjectively analysed by a validated questionnaire of ocular surface disease index (OSDI) and hospital anxiety and depression scale was analysed. RESULTS The mean age of student was 22.71±2.31 years. Sixty percent had symptoms of watering. Headache being the most common extraocular symptom. Out of 350, 147 had normal OSDI, 98 had mild, 50 had moderate and 55 had severe. Hours of electronic device usage were directly proportional to OSDI. Results were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlighted the problem faced by young population these days and making them aware of computer vision syndrome and also its impact on their mental health.

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Guillain barre syndrome (GBS) is a rare autoimmune condition that has a prevalence of 1-2 per 100,000 people each year. Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (CSVT) occurs at a rate of three to four cases per one million individuals annually. Both have variable clinical presentation with significant morbidity. The therapeutic management of CSVT and GBS presents unique challenges due to peculiar relationship and overlap in presentation. Reports suggest that psychosis may result from autoimmune encephalitis after receiving the COVID-19 vaccination. Hereby the reported case is of a female who is 18 years of age presenting with acute psychotic and catatonic symptoms following covid 19 vaccination with weakening of limbs which suspected an underlying organic pathology. Magnetic resonance imaging was normal but magnetic resonance venogram showed transverse and sigmoid sinus thrombosis and later GBS with CSVT after Covid-19 vaccination was diagnosed. The case was chosen to report a rare condition with an atypical presentation.

<p><span lang="EN-US">Open biomass burning is the major cause for air pollution in north India, particularly in the months around the harvest of the major crops viz. rice and wheat. Crop residue burning, in the two agricultural powerhouse states of Punjab and Haryana, is major contributor for emissions from open biomass burning in the region. A district-wise emission inventory is needed to quantify the variations of crop residue burning emissions within various districts of Punjab and Haryana. In this study, bottom-up approach is used to determine the spatial variation of these emissions. In this approach, burned area is detected by using two MODIS satellite data products i.e., MODIS burned area product (MCD64A1) having resolution of 500m and MODIS active fire product (MOD14A1) having spatial resolution of 1km which can detect fires up to 1/20 of a pixel. Combining these two products the small fires data can also be detected and the accuracy in detection of burned area is improved. After detecting the burned area, the emissions of major pollutants were estimated in grids of (3×3) km<sup>2</sup> during 2008-2017 in order to analyze their spatial and temporal variability. Also, the emissions for the study region are estimated using top-down approach where the crop residue burned is determined using IPCC guidelines and the comparison is done using both the approaches.</span></p> <p><span lang="EN-US">In Punjab, the average emissions of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub> & CO are 153.3 Gg, 173.6 Gg, 21185.7 Gg, 1791.6 Gg, respectively during 2008-17 using top-down approach. During 2008-2017, the average emissions of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub> & CO are 117.2 Gg, 120.7 Gg, 18859.9 Gg, 1133.7 Gg, respectively using bottom-up approach. The major contribution of emissions in Punjab is from Sangrur district followed by Patiala and Ludhiana district.  In Haryana, the average emissions of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub> & CO are 68.9 Gg, 78.0 Gg, 9518.4 Gg, 804.9 Gg, respectively during 2008-17 using top-down approach. During 2008-2017, the average emissions of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub> & CO are 28.2 Gg, 26.4 Gg, 5214.0 Gg, 214.0 Gg, respectively using bottom-up approach. The major contribution of emissions in Haryana is from Fatehabad district followed by Karnal and Kaithal district. For Haryana, the peak emissions during 2008-17 are in the month of May and November and for Punjab the peak emissions are in the month of October and November. From the results, it is observed that the top-down approach overestimates the emissions when compared to the bottom-up approach. For example, the CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions calculated using top-down approach is 1.1 and 1.8 times higher than the bottom-up approach for Punjab and Haryana, respectively. This is because a fixed value of fraction of biomass burnt is taken to estimate the amount of crop residue burned from the crop production values instead of accounting for area which are actually burned.</span></p> <p><span lang="EN-US">The development of the longer term emission inventory from crop residue burning may provide useful information for policy making on air pollution control in the region.</span></p>

The Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a multisystem autosomal dominant condition occurring due to mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes affecting around 1 in 20,000 people. TSC is inclusive of tumours of skin, kidney, brain, lung and heart as well as neurological conditions like seizures, autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. An array of neuropsychiatric illness known as TSC-associated neuropsychiatric diseases (TAND) are identified in around 90% of people with TSC. Among them, psychosis has been reported only in around 2.3% of cases globally and rarely from India.The Indian data of psychosis in patients of TSC is very sparse. Hereby, we report a case of a 20-year-old male who presented with symptoms of acute psychosis, catatonia and drug induced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and MRI brain showed features suggestive of tuberous sclerosis complex.