Recently, researchers and practitioners in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are focusing on energy-oriented communication and computing considering next-generation smaller and tiny wireless devices. The tiny sensor-enabled devices will be used for the purpose of sensing, computing, and wireless communication. The hundreds/thousands of WSNs sensors are used to monitor specific activities and report events via wireless communication. The tiny sensor-enabled devices are powered by smaller batteries to work independently in distributed environments resulting in limited maximum lifetime of the network constituted by these devices. Considering the non-uniform distribution of sensor-enabled devices in the next-generation mobility centric WSNs environments, energy consumption is imbalanced among the different sensors in the overall network environments. Toward this end, in this paper, a cluster-oriented routing protocol termed as prediction-oriented distributed clustering (PODC) mechanism is proposed for WSNs focusing on non-uniform sensor distribution in the network. A network model is presented, while categorizing PODC mechanism in two activities including setting cluster of nodes and the activity in the steady state. Further cluster set up activity is described while categorizing in four subcategories. The proposed protocol is compared with individual sensor energy awareness and distributed networking mode of clustering (EADC) and scheduled sensor activity-based individual sensor energy awareness and distributed networking mode of clustering (SA-ADC). The metrics including the overall lifetime of the network and nodes individual energy consumption in realistic next-generation WSNs environments are considered in the experimental evaluation. The results attest the reduced energy consumption centric benefits of the proposed framework PODC as compared to the literature. Therefore, the framework will be more applicable for the smart product development in the next-generation WSNs environments.

WSN in three dimensional space is common in different application areas such as space monitoring, cave monitoring under water eco system and so on. Intrusion is a common type of attack in such types of networks. In this paper, we analyze the intrusion detection probability which helps in deploying the sensors in efficient manner. Even though the sensors are throw away in nature, still the cost matters. And the intelligent deployment helps in reducing the redundancy in communication. Therefore this model can be beneficial in case of three dimensional WSN.Here we deal with heterogeneous WSN as such types of WSN are common in different applications. For the case of simplicity, in our analysis, we consider only two types of sensors named as Type 1 and Type 2. This model can be extended to any number of types. This paper is an extension of our previous work where intrusion detection on homogeneous networks was discussed. General TermsWireless sensor networks, security, internal and external intrusion detection. KeywordsIntrusion detection, node density, sensing range, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). INTRODUCTIONA wireless sensor network (WSN) is a type of wireless network consist of small nodes with capabilities of sensing physical or environmental conditions, processing related data and send information wirelessly.WSN is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations. The development of wireless sensor networks was originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance [1]. However, wireless sensor networks are now used in many industrial and civilian application areas, including industrial process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring, environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, home automation and traffic control.The sensor nodes in WSNs are usually static after deployment, and communicate mainly through broadcast instead of point-topoint communication. Sensors are deployed in a variety of domains and some application should be secure from all types of attacks. A lot of security protocols or mechanisms have been designed for sensor networks. For example, SPINS (Sensor Protocol for Information via Negotiation), a set of protocols, provides secure data confidentiality, two-party data authentication, and data freshness and authenticated broadcast for sensor network [2]. LEAP (Localized Encryption and Authentication Protocol), is designed to support in-network processing bases on the different security requirements for different types of messages exchange [3]. INSENS is an intrusion tolerant routing protocol for wireless sensor networks [4]. In general, security solutions in the network can be divided into two categories: prevention and detection. Prevention techniques, such as encryption, authentication, firewalls, in WSNs, physical links may always be invaded, th...

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Three Dimensional WSN is common in application areas such as space monitoring, cave monitoring, study of under water eco system and so on. Intrusion is a common type of attack in case of WSN.It spends lot of energy for the purpose of intrusion detection which in turn reduces the life time of the network. Energy efficiency is essential in this process. Therefore we derive an algorithm for energy efficient external and internal intrusion detection for 3D WSN. We also analyze the probability of detecting the intruder for three dimensional WSN. It is found that our experimental results validate the theoretical results.