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Background<br />In Indonesia, the prevalence of injury has increased from 7.9% in 2007 to 8.2% in 2013. Among older persons, falls were the main cause of injury. The objective of this study was to determine the major risk factors and the magnitude of the risk for fall-related injury in older persons.<br /><br />Methods<br />A study of cross-sectional design was conducted on 4,222 respondents aged 60 years and over. Injury was defined as fall-related injury occurring in the previous 12 months that disturbed activity dailyu living (ADL). Data collection was done by: 1) interview about sociodemographics and health (including hearing impairment, non-communicable diseases and injury) using a questionnaire, 2) measurement of blood pressure and anthropometry (body mass index), 3) examination of vision in the right nd left eyes using tumbling E cards and pinhole eye covers. Data were analyzed using the chi square test and multiple logistic regression with 0.05 significance level.<br /><br />Results <br />After controlling for age, occupation, vision disorder, educational level and economic status, older women had a 2.0-fold increased risk for fall-related injury compared to men (aOR=2.30; 95% CI: 1.93-2.73; p=0.000); subjects with a history of stroke had a 2.0-fold increased risk for fall-related injury compared to those without a history of stroke (aOR=2.07; 95% CI: 1.38-3.09; p=0.000). Educational level was a confounding factor.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />Women and stroke sufferers were at higher risk of fall-related injury among older persons. Prevention of fall-related injury should be done by older persons through periodic control of their health condition.

<p>Background<br />In Indonesia, cancer prevalence according to the Basic Health Research 2013 was 1.4 per 1000 inhabitants and the most common cancer in hospitalized patients in 2010 was breast cancer (28.7%). Hormonal contraception (HC) use increases the breast cancer risk, even though HC has been used by 210 million women in the world. We aimed to define the association of HC with breast tumors based on clinical breast examination (CBE).</p><p>Methods<br />A case-control design using secondary data from the baseline of the Cohort Study on the Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Disease (RFNCD) in 2011-2012 in 5 villages in Central Bogor District, Bogor City. Samples consisted of 152 cases and 152 controls. Cases comprised palpable tumors in one or both breasts CBE (+). Controls had no tumors in both breasts /CBE(-). Data were analyzed by logistic regression.</p><p>Results<br />Odds Ratio (OR) of CBE + was 1.83 (95% CI: 1.11-3.04; p=0.019) for HC user and 1.62 (95% CI: 1.01-2.60; p=0.044) for blood total cholesterol level &lt;200 mg/dL. OR of group CBE(+) was 1.01 (current smoking) and 0.49 (former smoking) compared with nonsmoking (p=0.082); OR was also 1.21 for subjects with one child and 1.77 for those without children, compared with those who had ³2 children (p=0.454).</p><p>Conclusion <br />Hormonal contraception use increases breast tumor risk 1.8-fold after controlling for total cholesterol, smoking status and parity. With the several limitations of this advanced analysis, investigations focused on types and duration of HC use are still necessary.</p>