Background: Drug utilization review (DUR) skills are important for pharmacists across all settings. Computer-based DUR simulations to teach student pharmacists are currently scarce. This article describes a computer-based DUR simulation that required limited faculty and financial resources and was implemented in collaboration among 3 institutions. Objective: To describe the innovation of a computer-based DUR simulation and its impact on pharmacy students’ knowledge and confidence of DUR skills. Methods: This pre-post educational study assessed a computer-based DUR simulation that replicated the DUR process in dispensing systems. First- and third-year pharmacy students at 3 institutions were guided through simulated patient cases with various medication-related problems. The self-paced activity provided students with immediate, formative feedback and rationale for each option after an attempt was made in lieu of faculty intervention. Students completed pre-and post-assessments to evaluate changes in knowledge and confidence. Knowledge was assessed by comparing results of multiple choice and matching questions on the pre- and post-assessments. Confidence was assessed by the change in self-reported confidence scale measurements. Results: Students at all institutions (N = 405) had nonsignificant changes in knowledge scores from the pre-assessment to the post-assessment, with the exception of 1 question. All confidence survey questions significantly improved from pre- to post-assessment. Conclusion: The DUR educational innovation had a nonsignificant overall impact on students’ knowledge but significantly improved confidence in their abilities. Skills-based instruction provides additional practice to increase student confidence.
Simulation, an educational, assessment, and research technique used to mimic real‐world situations, is increasingly used in pharmacy education. The most‐used simulation methods include high‐fidelity simulation (HFS), low‐fidelity simulation (LFS), standardized patients, and game‐based simulation. A common element of simulation is its ability to offer learners the chance to practice a skill or acquire knowledge in a safe and accessible space. Simulation methods differ in key aspects, including cost and other resource investment as well as ideal venue for use in education. HFS provides a more realistic simulation environment than LFS but is typically more expensive. Standardized patients offer learners the opportunity to engage with a live person but may elicit greater variability in responses to learners' input than HFS. Computer‐based simulation uses technology to supply a wide variety of learning opportunities; however, it may require the use of proprietary software and devices. Despite widespread use, literature describing learning outcomes of simulation in pharmacy education is limited. Some existing reports with positive findings have focused on learner satisfaction with or perceived benefit of simulation activities. The few existing publications summarizing changes in skills or knowledge demonstrate a positive impact. Simulation is a promising modality for educating pharmacy students and residents; however, more data summarizing the benefit of learning outcomes are needed.
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