Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of atropine and glycopyrrolate in reducing the risk of hypotension caused by spinal anesthesia in patients undergoing caesarean sections. Methods: After ethical approval from institution review board, this randomized control was carried out at Liaqat national hospital and medical college. 332 pregnant women in a row who had chosen to have a caesarean section were enlisted through non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups of 166 using computer-generated randomization tables. Group A Patients received intravenous atropine in dose of 0.01mg/kg before inducing spinal anesthesia. Group B Patients received intravenous glycopyrrolate in dose of 0.01mg/kg before inducing spinal anesthesia. Pre-surgical, operational, and post-operative treatment for all patients was adhered to the same established protocols. Results: The mean age of the participants in both study groups were 26.28±4.03 and 26.07±3.78 years. The mean weight of the participants in both study groups were 75.24±7.6 and 74.17±7.54 Kg. The mean gestation age of the participants in both study groups were 38.82±1.17 and 38.70±1.19 months. The heart rate (HR) 15-minutes after the administration of atropine in group A was 94.89±11.8, and in Group B after administration of glycopyrrolate was 98.18±11.5. A significant difference (P=0.045) in the mean HR of the participants in both study groups was observed. The Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) 15-minutes after the administration of atropine in group A was 76.63±7.9, and in Group B after administration of glycopyrrolate was 79.6±10.5. A significant difference (P=0. 0.029) in the mean MAP of the participants in both study groups was observed. Conclusion: Glycopylorate, atropine, spinal anesthesia, hypotension, heart rate

Objective: The primary purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of intravenous dexamethasone in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients who have had breast surgery under general anesthesia. Methods: After ethical approval from institution review board, this randomized control was carried out at Liaqat national hospital and medical college. Seventy-four patients who completed the study's criteria and provided written informed permission were enrolled in a random order. Patients were recruited and then randomly assigned through balloting without replacement to one of two groups: (A) dexamethasone (n = 37) or (B) placebo (n = 37). After general anesthesia, patients in Group received 0.1mg/kg of dexamethasone intravenously at the same time. Patients in Group B received a placebo (2 ml of normal saline 0.9% at the same time following general anesthesia). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), and the intensity of pain and vomiting was measured at 0 (in the operating room), 30, 60, and 120 minutes, and 4-, 6-, 12-, and 24-hours following surgery. Results: The mean age of the participants in both study groups were 48.56±15.25 and 50.4±16.8 years. The mean anesthesia time of the participants in both study groups were 114±9.6 and 122.7±8.7 minutes. The mean surgery time of the participants in both study groups were 88.2±2.1 and 96.1±3.72 minutes. No significant difference in the heart rate (HR) was observed in both study groups at any time interval. A significant difference in the heart rate was observed in both study groups at 6-, 12-, and 24-hours’ time interval. A significant difference in the heart rate was observed in both study groups at 0 and 30 minutes, 1-,2-,4-, 6-, 12-, and 24-hours’ time interval. Conclusion: There were no notable changes in vital signs associated with the use of intravenous dexamethasone for the treatment of postoperative pain, the need for rescue analgesia on postoperative day 1, or the occurrence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Keywords: Visual analog score, nausea, vomiting, pain, dexamethasone