No abstract

The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis is one of the major insect pest in stored pulse (i.e. Chickpea seeds) causing 40-50% losses of pulses in storage. Experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of some selected biorational insecticides on mortality of beetle, weight loss of seeds, fecundity and hatchability of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis under laboratory condition. Among the different botanicals, Neem oil (89.00%) was found the most effective in case of mortality of pulse beetle in direct method followed by Mahogany oil (78.00%) and Karanja oil (62.00%). Among different microbial derivatives, Spinosad was found most effective considering mortality followed by Emamectin benzoate and Abamectin. Among botanicals the highest percentage of weight reduction was observed in Karanja oil (30.18%) and the lowest (22.43%) was in Neem oil while among microbial derivatives the lowest percentage of seed weight reduction was obtained from Spinosad (11.15%) and the highest percentage of weight reduction was obtained from Abamectin (20.37%). No. of eggs laid per female was recorded highest in Karanja oil (24.00) and lowest in Spinosad (19.33). The hatchability percentage was highest in Karanza oil (21.73%) and lowest in Neem (12.89%) and in case of chemical treatment lowest in spinosad (6.05%) and highest in Ebamectin (14.42%). Neem oil and Spinosad were found effective against pulse beetle in storage condition. Therefore, Neem oil and Spinosad might be included in the development of IPM packages for the management of pulse beetle in the storage.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a severe and widespread mental disorder with a huge negative impact on the social, economic and health dimensions. The identification of risk factors for the development of AUD and for relapse in existing AUD are crucial for prevention and treatment approaches. Alcohol-related implicit associations have been shown to contribute to drinking and might partially explain sudden relapses.The aims of this study are to investigate implicit associations in abstinent AUD patients and to test whether cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates implicit associations. We measured performance in two alcohol-related implicit association tests (IATs) and two control tasks (flower-insect IAT, Stroop task) in 27 abstinent AUD patients with 31.5 (SD = 36) days of abstinence on average.During the execution of the tasks, we applied 1 mA cathodal or sham tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) in a sham-controlled within-subject design.Results show an implicit bias of alcohol avoidance and implicit nondrinking identity for abstinent AUD patients. Cathodal tDCS modulated neither alcohol-related implicit associations nor the control tasks. This study complements knowledge about implicit alcohol-related association in AUD patients and shows no effect of a neuromodulatory intervention to alter implicit associations with the present parameters.