Both white and dark without pressure lesions are associated with changes in outer retinal reflectivity on optical coherence tomography, which occur in opposite directions compared with the surrounding unaffected areas. In the face of normal visual field testing to date, the clinical significance of this finding remains uncertain. Recognition of the optical coherence tomography appearance will help clinicians avoid unnecessary workup of these patients for outer retinal dystrophy or degeneration.

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. Purpose:  To describe novel cystic structures (‘outer retinal cysts’ or ORC) found in the outer retina in age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods:  One hundred and seventy‐three consecutive eyes of 88 AMD patients were prospectively examined with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT). The prevalence of ORCs was searched, and their sizes and shapes were determined. Results:  SD‐OCT revealed round or ovoid, intraretinal, hyporeflective cystic structures with a hyperreflective border in 60 eyes (56%) with neovascular AMD and in six eyes (21%) with atrophic AMD. These cystic structures were of different sizes and shapes. They remained stable in all the patients after a follow‐up period of 6 months. Conclusions:  Outer retinal cyst is a new type of cystic structure recently identified in AMD patients. ORCs should not be confused with intraretinal exudates or cystoid cavities and therefore do not require any treatment. The histopathological nature of ORC remains to be determined. Further studies are necessary to determine their true origin.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a Gram-negative bacterium, is one of the most frequent causes of gastrointestinal infections worldwide. It has been associated as a pathogen for the human body with many systemic diseases, including different eye diseases. We will focus on a specific eye disease called idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (ICSCR). This disease is characterized by a serous detachment of the neurosensory retina in the macular region, which affects the vision to different degrees. Currently, the pathophysiology of ICSCR is not clear and there is no effective treatment. However, several potential risk factors have been elucidated. One of the factors that has more frequently been associated with ICSCR is stress. As H. pylori was identified as a possible etiological factor for occlusive arterial diseases in young people who were particularly stressed, it was thought that H. pylori might also be present in ICSCR. Therefore, some physicians started to test its presence in patents with ICSCR. If H. pylori happened to be associated with ICSCR, the treatment of gastrointestinal infection could also improve visual symptoms and help to remediate this eye disease. Although H. pylori is highly prevalent in the general population, a true correlation seems to exist. We present a review on the relationship between ICSCR and H. pylori.

Sir, Intravitreal methotrexate for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization in multifocal choroiditisWe describe a case of a patient who developed a multifocal choroiditis complicated with a choroidal neovascular (CNV) membrane, and propose an intravitreal methotrexate therapy as a treatment option that can improve vision and eliminate all inflammatory signs. Case reportA healthy 25-year-old woman presented with evidence of a multifocal choroiditis (MFC) complicated with a