No abstract

Veterinary clinical examination relies on knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology and Animal behavior, skills in the methods and techniques of clinical examination, clinical sign and pathogenesis of the diseases which are the basic requirements for clinician in his/her good diagnostic approach. Disease problems in veterinary medicine are invariably presented to the clinician through the medium of the owner's complaint, which is a re quest for professional assistance by giving animal history. In any clinical examination procedures, it is necessary to employ some suitable means of restraint: physical, chemical or verbal, in order to be able to carry out the examination safely and without danger to the clinician or his assistants. Inspection, Palpation, percussion and auscultation are the commonly used methods of physical examination for assessing pathophysiological or anatomical abnormalities of given animal during clinical examination. The general clinical examination involves de tailed consideration of physical body condition; conformation/shape; posture; gait; abnormal behavior; body tem perature; pulse; and respiration of individual animal; whereas the regional or systematic clinical examina tion involves the application of the various clinical methods to the various regions or systems of the body. The system involved is identified and is then examined in greater detail using either a complete or a problem oriented examination. In addition to history taking and clinical examination; skills on techniques of laboratory sample collection and submission is an important consideration for further diagnosis, treatment and take practicable control and prevention measures on identified disease.

A cross-sectional study was carried out from April 2015 to June 2016 to estimate the status of bovine tuberculosis (BTB), assessment of community's current knowledge, and zoonotic importance on this disease in Borana zone, southern Ethiopia. In this study, comparative intradermal tuberculin (CIDT) test, structured questionnaires, and retrospective data were used, while the result indicated 3.8% prevalence at individual animal level with 5.6% (31/554) of doubtful reactors. Among related risk factors included, old animals were significantly infected by BTB than young one (χ = 32.005, P = 0.001). Parity number again showed significant difference (χ = 29.163, P = 0.001) where animals with many parity were more reactive to conducted test than few parity numbers. Animals born in the breeding center managed under semi-intensive production system were more infected (χ = 10.795, P = 0.029) than those brought from outside of the center. Questionnaire survey in this study indicated that out of 130 interviewed respondents, only 30% pastoralists knew what BTB mean; whereas the level of individual knowledge from interviewed showed about 72.3% of respondents had poor understanding of BTB and only about 11.5% of them knew its zoonotic importance. Meat eating habit of communities in the area were culturally inhabited to eat cooked meat and only 12.3% (16/130) of respondents gave response on habit of eating both raw and cooked meat. Milk drinking habit of pastoralist in the area showed about 79.2% drunk raw milk and the rest 20.8% used both raw and boiled milk. A retrospective data from Yabello Hospital indicated that current prevalence of human TB as 38.79% and showing the disease was highly increasing from year to year in the study area. This implies a great importance of human tuberculosis and its future concern in Borana zone. From this, there should be detail awareness of communities on BTB, its zoonotic importance, and the need of further investigation to develop control and prevention strategies according to the pastoral settings.

A cross sectional study design was used to determine the prevalence and species spectrum of major gastrointestinal parasites affecting camels; and to find out risk factors associated with this parasitic infestation in Yabello district, southern rangelands of Ethiopia. A total of 412 camels of all age and sex were examined between August, 2011 and March, 2012. Collected faecal samples were processed by standard floatation methods and then examined for helminth eggs. Coprological examination revealed that 73.8% (n=304) of the camels excreted helminth eggs/protozoan oocyst in their faeces. Six types of helminth/protozoan parasites eggs/oocyst encountered in descending order of prevalence were, Strongylus species 55.59%, Strongyloides species 13.82%, Trichostrongylus species 10.19%, Monezia species 6.91%, Coccidia and Trichuris species each encountered 1.32%. Single and concurrent infections with two or more parasites were recorded in 89.15% and 10.85% of the cases, respectively. Except for age and treatment factors significantly affected (P<0.05) the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite infections, all the other factors like origin, sex, body condition score and health status have shown no significant effect on parasitic infestation. The high prevalence and wide spectrum observed in the present study suggests that helminth infection are widespread and may be a constraint to economic camel production, and there is need to institute control measures.

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the prevalence and causal agent in cross breed dairy cow, was conducted from November, 2009 to March, 2010 at Holleta agricultural research center. A total of 90 cross bred cows were examined by physical examination and California mastitis test (CMT). Out of the total animals examined, 81.1% (73) had mastitis, in which 7.8% (7) and 73.3% (66) had clinical and sub clinical mastitis, respectively. Out of 340 quarters examined, 80.88% (275) were found to be infected in which 5.59% (19) were clinically and 75.3% (256) were sub clinically. Of 275 CMT and physically positive animals, quarter samples were taken for microbiological test in which, 66.4% (180) were culturally positive and 33.09% (91) were negative. Of 180 positive samples, the majority of isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (43.3%), followed by Micrococcus spp. (17.2%), Streptococcus agalactiae (12.2%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (7.2%). In addition, lowest isolation rate was for Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus feacalis and each accounts for 2.8%. From this, proper mastitis control should be practiced by maintenance of an appropriate cow's environment and udder health management program in the farm including further investigation on risk factors associated to prevalence of mastitis and antibiotic resistance test to undertake measurable control options of mastitis in the farm.