Background Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective global public health interventions to reduce childhood morbidity and mortality. Defaulters to full vaccination can put children at greater risk of acquiring vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks. The reason for not receiving full vaccination is not well explored, and hence, there is limited evidence about defaulters of vaccination in Ethiopia. Objectives To identify determinants of defaulter to full vaccination among children aged 12–23 months in Siraro District, West Arsi Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Methods A community-based unmatched case-control study was conducted among children aged 12–23 months from March 20 to April 30, 2022, with a total sample size of 444 (148 cases and 296 controls). Cases were children aged 12–23 months who had missed at least one routine vaccination dose, while controls were children who had received all of the recommended routine vaccinations. Consecutive sampling and simple random sampling techniques were used to select representative cases and controls respectively. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, entered into Epi-data version 4.6, and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26 for analysis. Logistic regression was used to identify determinants of the defaulter to full vaccination and the variables with p-value < 0.25 were recruited for multivariable analysis, and an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and a p-value of ≤ 0.05 was used to declare the statistical significance of the association. Result Of the assessed determinants of the defaulter to full vaccination; inadequate knowledge of mothers/caretakers (AOR = 4.32, 95% CI:2.78–6.70), educational status of a father unable to read and write (AOR = 3.66, 95% CI:1.29–10.39), time to reach health facility ≥ 30 minutes (AOR = 2.45, 95% CI:1.51–3.97), not told about the type of vaccine received (AOR = 2.37, 95% CI;1.27–4.45), no parents discussion on vaccination (AOR = 2.16, 95% CI:1.24–3.79), home delivery (AOR = 2.43, 95% CI:1.39–4.25) and not participated in pregnant mother conference (AOR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.35–4.49) were the identified determinants of the defaulter to full vaccination. Conclusion Mother’s’ knowledge, father’s education, place of delivery, time to reach a health facility, health workers who told the type of vaccine received, participation in pregnant mother conference, and parents’ discussion on vaccination were the determinants of the defaulter to full vaccination status. Thus, the district health office should work on defaulters of vaccination by strengthening immunization service delivery and improving maternal knowledge on vaccination through pregnant mother conference participation.

BackgroundChildhood immunization is one of the most effective global public health interventions to reduce childhood morbidity and mortality. However, some children remain not fully vaccinated in developing countries due to defaulting from full vaccination, which can put them at risk of acquiring vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks. The barriers to full vaccination were well explored in Ethiopia using a qualitative approach. The study aimed to explore barriers to full childhood vaccination in Siraro District, West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia.MethodsA qualitative study was conducted in Siraro District through 15 key informant health workers interviews and 6 in-depth interviews with children’s mothers from April 20 to May 15, 2022. Data were collected by semi-structured questionnaires and captured using audio tape recorders and field note-taking. A heterogeneous purposive sampling technique was used to select representative study participants. Data transcription and translation were done according to the respondents’ verbatim from the local language to English. Data coding and key categories were identified and analyzed using thematic analysis. Finally, data were presented in narrative forms using respondents' own words as an illustration.ResultTwenty-one study participants were interviewed and included in this study. Of the explored barriers to full childhood vaccination, the evidence from the respondents was integrated from subcategories and presented as a whole within each thematic area. Five thematic areas emerged from interviews of the participants through thematic analysis of the data. The identified barriers were forgetting the next vaccination schedule, migration of parents, work overload, lack of knowledge and awareness, rumors, and misinformation. Additionally, vaccination service delivery-related barriers such as vaccine vials not being opened for a few children, fear of vaccine side effects, closed health posts during visits by mothers for vaccination, and absence of health extension workers at health posts were the key barriers to full childhood vaccination.ConclusionForgetting vaccination schedule, migration of parents, work overload, rumors, and misinformation, fear of vaccine side effects, vaccine vial not opened for few children, closed health posts during visiting by mothers, absence of health extension workers from health posts were the key barriers to the full vaccination status of children. Thus, the district health office should work on barriers to full vaccination by strengthening vaccination service delivery and improving vaccination awareness through a health extension program.

Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth common cancer affecting women's reproductive oegans and challenges faced by women in worldwide. Cervical cancer screening is a public health intervention used on a population at risk, or target population to diagnose a disease. Effective screening programs reduce morbidity and mortality associated with this cancer. Objective: To explore perceptions of rural women's towards cervical cancer and its screening among women in Sadi Chanka district, Oromia, west Ethiopia. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted using in-depth interviews to explore perceptions of rural women's towards cervical cancer and its screening among women in Sadi Chanka district, west Ethiopia from May 1 to May 30, 2022. A qualitative study design was employed and the study participants were acquired using heterogeneous purposive sampling techniques. In total, 9 interviews were conducted using in-depth interviews and key informant interview methods. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis manually. Thematic analysis were performed in order to extract the main themes, categories and codes. Direct quotations were presented with a thick description of the findings. Results: A total of nine participants participated in in-depth interviews. The findings of this study were discussed under three themes and 7 categories which emerged from thematic analysis of the data. Awareness of cervical cancer and its screening, awareness of the risk factors, and syptoms of cervical cancer, Availability, accessibility and affordability of the service, gender prefer for screening and prevention and treatment of cervical cancer perception. Conclusion: This study indicates that rural women's in the study area had low perceived about cervical cancer and its screening, health service related factors and perception of women's on prevention and treatment of cervical cancer were the key reasons for rural women's not cervical cancer screening. To improve cervical cancer and its screening, effort should be focused on enhancing positive perception of rural women's.

Background: Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective global public health interventions to reduce childhood morbidity and mortality. Defaulters to full vaccination can put the children at greater risk of acquiring vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks, and the reason for not receiving full vaccination is not well explored, and there is limited evidence about defaulters to full vaccination in Ethiopia. Objectives: To identify determinants of defaulter to full vaccination among children aged 12–23 months in Siraro District, West Arsi Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based unmatched case-control study was conducted among children aged 12–23 months from March 20 to April 30, 2022, with a total sample size of 444 (148 cases and 296 controls). Cases were children aged 12-23 months who had missed at least one routine vaccination dose, while controls were children who had received all of the recommended routine vaccinations. Consecutive sampling and simple random sampling techniques were used to select representative cases and controls respectively. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, entered into Epi-data version 4.6, and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26 for analysis. Logistic regression was used to identify determinants of failure to receive full vaccination, and an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and a p-value of ≤0.05 was used to declare the statistical significance of the association. Result: Of the assessed determinants of defaulter to full vaccination; inadequate knowledge of mothers/caretakers (AOR=4.32, 95% CI:2.78-6.70), educational status of father unable to read and write (AOR=3.66, 95% CI:1.29-10.39), time to reach health facility ≥30 minutes (AOR=2.45, 95% CI:1.51-3.97), not told about the type of vaccine received (AOR=2.37, 95% CI;1.27-4.45), no parents discussion on vaccination (AOR=2.16, 95% CI:1.24-3.79), home delivery (AOR=2.43, 95% CI:1.39-4.25) and not participated in pregnant mother conference (AOR=2.47, 95% CI=1.35-4.49) were the identified determinants of defaulter to full vaccination. Conclusion: Mothers knowledge, father’s education, place of delivery, time to reach health facility, health workers told type of vaccine received, participation in pregnant mother conference and parents discussion on vaccination were the determinants of defaulter to full vaccination status. Thus, the district health office should work on defaulters of vaccination by strengthening immunization service delivery and improving maternal knowledge on vaccination through pregnant mother conference participation.

Background Vaccination is one of the most cost– effective global public health interventions to reduce childhood morbidity and mortality. Defaulter to full vaccination can put the children at greater risk of acquiring vaccine preventable disease outbreaks and the reason for not full vaccination is not well-explored and there are limited evidence about defaulters of full vaccination in Ethiopia. Objectives To identify determinants of defaulter to full vaccination among children aged 12–23 months in Siraro District, West Arsi Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Methods A Community-based unmatched case–control study was conducted among children aged 12–23 months from March 20 to April 30, 2022 with a total sample size of 444 (148 cases and 296 controls). Cases were children aged 12–23 months who had missed at least one dose of the routine vaccination and controls were children who had received all the recommended routine vaccination. Consecutive sampling and simple random sampling techniques were used to select representative cases and controls respectively. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, entered into Epi-data version 4.6 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26 for analysis. Logistic regression was used to identify determinants of defaulter to full vaccination and adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval at p value ≤ 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance of association. Result Of the assessed determinants of defaulter to full vaccination; inadequate knowledge of mothers/caretakers (AOR = 4.32, 95% CI:2.78–6.70), educational status of father unable to read and write (AOR = 3.66, 95% CI:1.29–10.39), time to reach health facility ≥ 30 minutes (AOR = 2.45, 95% CI:1.51–3.97), not told about the type of vaccine received (AOR = 2.37, 95% CI;1.27–4.45), no parents discussion on vaccination (AOR = 2.16, 95% CI:1.24–3.79), home delivery (AOR = 2.43, 95% CI:1.39–4.25) and not participated in pregnant mother conference (AOR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.35–4.49) were the identified determinants of defaulter to full vaccination. Conclusion Mothers knowledge, father’s education, place of delivery, time to reach health facility, health workers told type of vaccine received, participation in pregnant mother conference and parents discussion on vaccination were the determinants of defaulter to full vaccination status. Thus, the district health office should work on defaulters of vaccination by strengthening immunization service delivery and improving maternal knowledge on vaccination through pregnant mother conference participation.