This review represents an overview of the graphene quantum dots (GQDs) synthesis and their applications as carriers or probes for the sensor, imaging, drug delivery, and diagnosing of diseases. Furthermore, recent developments in the GQDs for therapy and their potential toxicity for both in vitro and in vivo are reviewed. The recent findings and issues for GQDs and their composites with respect to stability and optimal size and toxicity at various applications are presented.

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A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of two phase flow is presented to simulate isothermal, turbulent, upward bubbly flows in a pipeline till forecast a mean pressure reduction along the pipe (a 3 dimensional (3D) multiphase flow, by Eulerian-Eulerian strategy combined with Population Balance Modeling (PBM)). A set of experimental data from the literature for water (liquid) and air (gas) in an isothermal pipe is used where the internal diameter of which is 200 mm, employed in order to analyze radial void fraction and bubble diameter distributions as well as the axial pressure distribution of fluid flow. The CFD model is applied to grids of minimum control volumes. The interfacial forces, including non-drag and drag forces, where the former can be categorized into turbulent scattering, lift, and wall lubrication, have been noticed in following simulations. The comparison between CFD forecasts with empirical data demonstrates that the coring phenomena plus observed wall peaking could be predicted with this CFD-PBM modeling approach. The primary intention of this work was to anticipate the axial pressure distribution of bubbly flow in the pipe by CFD modeling in a large vertical pipe. Acceptable agreement between predicted models and experimental data indicates that CFD can be a beneficial method for investigating pressure drop of an upward and multi-phase flow.