Varicocele is one of causes of the declined sperm quality and low sperm production, which can lead to infertility in males. There are several experimental and epidemiological findings which support the idea that inflammatory mechanisms play an essential role in varicocele pathogenesis. Besides, in this pathological state, interleukin-37 (IL-37) as an anti-inflammatory cytokine is able to bind interleukin-18-binding protein (IL-18BP), and subsequently binds IL-18 receptor β, inhibiting the pro-inflammatory activity of IL-18. To explore the interaction between IL-37 and IL-18 in infertility, we measured the amount of these cytokines in the seminal fluid of infertile men affected by varicocele. The seminal plasma levels of IL-37 and IL-18 were measured in 75 infertile men with varicocele and 75 healthy fertile controls (age range, 30-48 years) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The seminal levels of IL-37 and IL-18 were significantly increased in infertile men with varicocele when compared to fertile controls (p < .0001). Because of the essential role(s) of cytokines in inflammatory response of cell systems, it could be possible that sperm motility is reduced following increased IL-18, activated neutrophils and reactive oxygen species in semen of infertile patients with varicocele. Moreover, the results of this study indicated that interaction between IL-37 and IL-18Rβ can lead to reduced inflammatory responses. It seems that IL-37 might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for male infertility.

There are few papers on the combination therapy of deferiprone (DFP) and deferasirox (DFX) in iron-overloaded patients with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia major (β-TM). A total of 6 patients with β-TM (5 males and 1 female) with a mean age of 23.8±5.8 years (ranging from 17 to 31) used this treatment regimen. The mean doses of DFP and DFX were 53.9±22.2 and 29.3±6.8 mg/kg/day, respectively. The duration of treatment was 11.5±4.6 months. Their serum ferritin levels were measured to be 2800±1900 and 3400±1600 ng/mL before and after treatment, respectively (p<0.6). Their cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2* values were 16.69±15.35 vs 17.38±5.74 millisecond (ms) before and after treatment, respectively (p < 0.9). Although there was no significant difference between their cardiac MRI T2* values before and after treatment statistically, the values improved after combination therapy with DFP and DFX in most of the patients. Liver MRI T2 * values were changed from 2.12±0.98 to 3.03±1.51 ms after treatment (p < 0.01); Further, their liver T2* values and liver iron concentration (LIC) were improved after treatment. Our study found that cardiac MRI T2* values, liver MRI T2* values, and LIC were improved after combination therapy with DFP and DFX in β-TM patients and that DFP and DFX combination therapy could be used to alleviate cardiac and liver iron loading.

Major β-thalassemia (β-TM) is one of the most common inherited hemolytic types of anemia which is caused as a result of absent or reduced synthesis of β-globin chains of hemoglobin. This defect results in red blood cells lysis and chronic anemia that can be treated by multiple blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy. Without iron chelation therapy, iron overload will cause lots of complications in patients. Antioxidant components play an important role in the treatment of the disease. Silymarin is an antioxidant flavonoid isolated from Silybum marianum plant. In the present study, we reviewed clinical and experimental studies investigating the use of silymarin prior to September 1, 2015, using PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Science Direct, Scopus, Ovid, and Cochrane Library databases and we evaluated the potential effects of silymarin on controlling the complications induced by iron overload in patients with β-TM. Based on the results of the present study, we can conclude that silymarin may be useful as an adjuvant for improving multiple organ dysfunctions.

BACKGROUND: Thalassemia is one of the most common genetic health problems in the world. More than 200 different mutations have been identified in the beta-globin gene and among the 24 β-globin gene mutations in β-thalassemia carriers in the north of Iran IVSII-I G>A mutation has the highest frequency. Using fast, inexpensive, simple and reliable methods for the detection of the mutations in β-thal carriers is very important in prenatal diagnosis, and introduction of alternative methods to the existing ones can help to simplify the detection of mutations. Since its introduction, different methods derived from LAMP have been widely used for SNPs detection. AIM: This study was aimed to design a new method for the detection of IVSII-I G>A mutation on β-globin gene based on AS - LAMP technique. METHODS: Primer explorer V5 software was used for the design of LAMP primers. Three sets of primers were designed. In the first set, the BIP primers were exactly complementary to the normal and mutant alleles. In the second set, 1 nucleotide (T) was inserted at the 5’ end of BIP primers, and in the last set, one nucleotide at the 5’ end of BIP primer was changed. The other required primers for the LAMP reaction (FIP, B3, and F3) were the same for all 3 sets of primers. The LAMP reaction was applied on three DNA samples (Wild type, Heterozygote and Homozygote for IVSII-I G>A mutation) and synthetic DNA. RESULTS: The results of the present study showed that LAMP reaction using three sets of primers could not successfully detect the IVSII-I G > A mutation among subjects DNA sample and synthetic DNA. CONCLUSION: Although several studies have successfully used ARMS-LAMP method to detect the SNPs, and other studies use a variety of methods to identify IVSII-I G>A mutation, the present study was unable to differentiate between a normal allele and IVSII-I G>A mutation. Hence further studies are recommended to consider redesigning of primer set, DNA concentration and using commercial LAMP Master Mix to detect the mutation.

Background:Gastroenteritis and respiratory tract infections are the most common childhood diseases. Despite the common use of vitamin B6 to control vomiting in children with gastroenteritis, no study has been performed in this field. This study aimed to assess the value of vitamin B6 in the prevention of vomiting in patients with mild to moderate gastroenteritis.Methodology:This study was a double blind controlled clinical trial on 96 children with mild to moderate gastroenteritis with age range of 6 months to 12 years admitted in Mofid Children’s Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups of 48 subjects matched for age, sex and symptoms of dehydration. Vitamin B6 was given in case group and control group was given placebo. The severity of dehydration and vomiting in patients before and after treatment were evaluated by a physician. All data were recorded in the questionnaire and results in the two treatment groups were compared by using SPSS software (Version 15, Chicago, IL, USA).Results:The mean ± SD age of patients whom underwent Vitamin B6 treatment was 2.9±2.4 versus 2.5±2 in placebo group. Significant difference between mean age, gender, and severity of dehydration in children of two groups wasn’t observed. After treatment in both treatment groups, 40 patients (83.3%) had mild dehydration, and 8 patients (16.7%) had moderate dehydration. Vomiting was noted in 28 patients (58.3%) after treatment with vitamin B6 and in 37 patients (77.1%) after treatment with placebo. The mean frequency of vomiting after treatment with vitamin B6 was 1.7±1.3 times and in the control group (treated with distilled water) was 1.5±0.77 time, but no significant difference between the severity of dehydration, controlling vomiting and the mean frequency of vomiting was observed in both groups (P>0.05).Conclusion:It seems that the use of oral vitamin B6 treatment has no benefit and impact compared with the placebo. Thus, use of vitamin B6 in the prevention of vomiting due to acute mild to moderate gastroenteritis is not only scientifically, but in the present study it was proved to be ineffective. This work was done on a comparative basis and further researches are recommended.