The aim of study was to assay serum copper, zinc and lipid peroxidation levels in pregnant women with and without preeclampsia. There were significant differences between systolic, diastolic blood pressures and copper, Cu/Zn ratio and malondialdehyde among two groups. There were significant differences in weight, pre-pregnancy body mass index, systolic, diastolic blood pressures and copper, Cu/Zn ratio and malondialdehyde levels when compared to healthy pregnant women with mild and severe preeclampsia patients. A positive correlation was observed between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and copper, malondialdehyde and Cu/Zn ratio. Copper and malondialdehyde may play a role in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia.

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The aim of study was to assess the metabolic syndrome in preeclampsia women. The study was performed on 50 women. The metabolic syndrome prevalence was 66%. Serum glucose, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol levels significantly were increased and HDL- cholesterol level significantly was decreased in metabolic syndrome patients. These patients showed high prevalence of components of the syndrome. Our results show the importance of dyslipidemia in preeclampsia in overweight and obese women. Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease are important problems for the health of women. It may be useful to give a treat to people with a high-normal blood pressure in early pregnancy.

Introduction: Mother's mental and physical conditions during pregnancy affect the development of fetus. This study aimed to investigate the role of neonates' gender in pain responses and its association with maternal stress during pregnancy and programming. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 105 neonates (53 females and 52 males) born in Gorgan, Iran. The pain stimulus was intramuscular injection of vitamin K, a routine procedure for infants at birth. The first painful injection was performed for all children under the same conditions. The neonatal infant pain scale was used to assess pain intensity in newborns. Maternal stress during pregnancy was evaluated by measuring hair cortisol levels. Statistical analysis was done using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, independent t-test and Pearson correlation tests. Results: Mean pain intensity score before, during and after injection was not significantly different between male and female newborns. Mean pain score during injection was significantly higher in male neonates whose mothers had high cortisol levels compared to male neonates whose mothers had normal cortisol levels (P-value = 0.01). Conclusions: These data indicate gender indifferences in response to pain at birth and imply the differential effect of maternal hair cortisol levels on pain score of male neonates.