Pyometra is a hormonally mediated diestral disorder caused by a bacterial infection that results in the accumulation of purulent material in the uterus of dogs. It is due to the progesterone dominance following estrus. During diestrus, the hormonal changes favour uterine gland secretion (uterine milk), which renders the uterine environment for the multiplication of opportunistic bacteria like Escherichia coli (Patil et al 2013). The hormonal changes during diestrus also result in Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH). It predisposes the animal to pyometra due to an abnormal response of the uterus to the existing progesterone. Repeated exposure of endometrium to progesterone stimulates proliferation and secretory activity of the endometrial gland ending up in CEH (Hagman et al 2018).The bacteria in the uterus dies and eventually releases endotoxin, which causes severe sepsis. Sepsis is the most potent, life-threatening syndrome generally due to an overactive immune response to the conquered microorganisms. It can result in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and lead to multiple organ failures (Jitpean et al 2014). The SIRS in bitches can be assessed by the presence of two or more criteria, which include hypothermia/hyperthermia (≤37.8 or ≥39.7 • C, tachycardia (≥160 bpm), Tachypnea (≥40 breaths/min), leukocytosis/leukopenia (≥12,000WBC/µL or ≤4000 WBC/µL). Myocardial depression is one of the complications mostly neglected but frequently encountered in the case of pyometra due to septicemia and endotoxemia. Cardiovascular disturbance is most likely, and it invariably causes portal hypertension, hepatosplanchnic pooling of blood, and a decrease in blood pressure (Pugliese et al 2020). This sepsis-induced myocardial depression in dogs (SIMD) causes myocardial cell injury resulting in higher mortality in bitches (Kakihana et al 2016). Biomarkers such as cardiac troponin B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are elevated in SIMD (Lv and Wang 2016). Cardiac-specific troponin 1 is released during ischemia or inflammation of the myocardial cell, effectively used as a sensitive marker (Pelander et al 2009). Electrocardiography (ECG) is the most effective instrument to assess cardiac function. So the objective is to identify the myocardial oxygenation status and electrolyte imbalance encountered in pyometra-affected bitches. Materials and MethodsThe study was conducted in the Veterinary Clinical Complex (Gynaecology and Medicine Unit), 2022, Puducherry, India. The investigation included six dogs of five different breeds (Rottweiler, Pug, Spitz, Labrador, Dalmatian) averaging around six years that were brought with the complaint of abdominal distension, polydipsia, and polyuria. Clinical evaluation included Abstract Pyometra is one of the most common diestral disorders, especially in middle-aged intact bitches, due to bacterial infection in the uterus. It usually causes mild to severe septicemia that may eventually end up in the animal's death. In certain cases, septicemia may induce myocardial cellular damage dependin...

Cystitis, most prevalent among female dogs, is characterized by infection and inflammation of the urinary bladder. The occurrence is mainly due to bacterial origin (ascending pathway) but also arises in the case of cystolith, polyps, and tumors. Disease conditions like diabetes and Cushing's syndrome can predispose the animal to cystitis (Brown 2016). It clinically manifests as haematuria, abdominal discomfort, dysuria, and pollakiuria. Severe bacterial infections in the kidney may lead to Acute Renal Failure (ARF), as in accordance with (Stokes 2006), wherein there is a sudden decrease in renal function resulting in the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes like urea and creatinine. In addition, other etiological factors that would play a vital role in reducing renal blood flow are dehydration, heatstroke, snakebite poisoning, and bee sting resulting in acute renal failure (Bhardwaj 2021). The article describes different diagnostic modalities and treatment approaches to manage the dog suffering from cystitis concurrent with Acute Renal Failure with special reference to an ideal renal homemade diet. Case history and observationA female spayed Doberman aged thirteen years was referred to Small Animal Medicine Unit, Veterinary Clinical Complex, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry, with a history of incontinence in urination, vomiting, blood clots at the end of urine stream for about three months. On clinical examination, the dog was dull and lethargic, rectal temperature was 101.6 °F, mucus membrane was pale, the popliteal lymph node was palpable, and hematuria was observed at that time. The whole blood was collected from the cephalic vein in EDTA and clot activator tube for hematology and serum biochemistry examination, respectively, and blood values were estimated as per (Schalm et al 2010). Complete blood count revealed hemoglobin7.3g%, PCV 21.6%, Total leukocyte count (TLC) 10,650 cells/cmm and thrombocytes 0.91 lakhs cells/cmm. The differential leukocyte count (DLC) exhibited Neutrophils 88%, Lymphocytes 9%, and Eosinophils 3%. Biochemical analyses of serum samples showed increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 40 mg/dl and creatinine 4 mg/dl. Urine was collected through catheterization and was subjected to physical, microscopic examination, culture, and antibiogram. Urine was pale yellow and cloudy with red blood cells and epithelial cells. Cytological examination of the urinary sediments revealed numerous RBCs, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and epithelial cells. The urine sample was cultured for an anti-microbial susceptibility test. It showed the presence of gram-negative coccobacilli organism and was found to be sensitive to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and chloramphenicol while intermediately sensitive to cefotaxime and amikacin. Ultrasonography Abstract A thirteen-year-old spayed female Doberman with a history of incontinence urination, blood at the end of urine stream for about three months. Clinical examination showed normal vital parameters with abnormal urine. Haemogram and ser...