Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most adaptable human pathogens. Nasal Staphylococcus aureus is the main cause of community-associated staphylococcal infections. This project aimed to study the prevalence of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) and evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility tests among primary school children at Zakho city, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Nasal swabs were taken from a total of 300 primary school pupils aged 8-12 years. Collected nasal swabs were processed according to the standard bacteriological culture and isolates were identified using mannitol fermentation, Gram stain, catalase test and coagulase test. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out on Muller-Hinton agar (MHA) to determine the susceptibility of S. aureus and CA-MRSA towards antibiotics. 30% (90/300) of the primary school children carried S. aureus. The nasal carriage of MRSA was 4% (12/300) among participants. All MRSA isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, doxycycline, amikacin and ciprofloxacin. This study showed that the incidence of S. aureus and CA-MRSA is comparable with reports from elsewhere. Measures are needed to keep the emergence and transmission of these pathogens to a lowest. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of all S. aureus isolates is crucial for treatment of MRSA. Further studies are required to detect the risk factors of the acquisition of MRSA.
Background: Salmonellosis is one of the foodborne illness acquired by consumption of infected raw or undercooked eggs and causes major public health problem. The aim of this study was isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. from the eggshells and the egg contents samples.Methods: In this study, a total 350 eggs were randomly collected from five local stores in Duhok and Zakho city over a period of 6 months in summer of 2016. Eggs from each local store were collected and transferred to the microbiology laboratory. The conventional culture method used for detection of Salmonella spp.Results: Out of the 350 eggs, seventeen (4.85%) samples of eggshells contaminated with Salmonella spp. and none of the egg content samples were contaminated with Salmonella genus. Out of 17 positive eggs, three different Salmonella serotypes were identified including; Salmonella enteritidis (10 strains), Salmonella typhimurium (5 strains), Salmonella typhi (2 strains).Conclusions: The results of the present study provide the recent dataset of the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in eggs sold at local stores in the city. All isolates showed resistant to tetracycline, oxacillin and sulphadimethoxazole due to the indiscriminate use of these antibiotics in chicken at sub-therapeutic level or prophylactic doses which promotes selection of antimicrobial resistant strains and also increases the human health risks associated with consumption of contaminated quail eggs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Zakho- Duhok city, investigating the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in eggshell and content egg sold at local stores.
In this study, 103 fingernails samples were collected (31 female and 72 male) from primary school children aged between 6 to12 years, which lived in Zakho city during the period from March to November, 2015. Each fingernail sample was immersed in normal saline, and subsequently centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2500 rpm. The supernatant was discarded; a few drops of the sediment of each sample were placed on the center of a clean glass slide with a drop of iodine or eosin, and then examined microscopically. The results revealed a total rate of 25.24% of infection with parasites. The recorded parasites with their rates included: eggs of Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis nana, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichaura (7.76, 5.82, 2.91 and 0.97 %, respectively) and cysts of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia (4.85 and 2.91 %). According to age, the highest percentage of infection occurred in 9 years old children. Regarding the gender, males showed a higher rate of infection than females (17.47 % versus 7.76%, respectively). These results clarify the role of fingernails in the transmission of parasitic infections, which requires continuous cleaning and cutting.
Iraq is an endemic country for cystic echinococcosis (CE). This disease is zoonotic infection with a widespread distribution among livestock and humans. The adult parasite inhabits the small intestine of dogs especially stray dogs, their eggs are excreted with the feces to the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Taeniid eggs and other intestinal parasites in the feces of stray dogs collected from different location of Zakho city. The study was conducted during the period from March 2020 to March 2021, in which 160 fecal samples of stray dogs were collected from soil surface of 10 different location in Zakho city. The feces were examined by direct wet mount and flotation technique to detect the presence of parasitic eggs and then the data were statistically analyzed. The overall, rate of infection was 46.25% (74/160) of examined fecal samples. The most frequently detected eggs were of Taeniid spp. constituting 23.13% (37/160) of the examined stool samples, with the highest rate (42.86%) being in samples collected from the areas around Zakho abattoir. Furthermore, other parasites recorded in this study, were Oxyurid spp. larvae (8.13%) and eggs of Dipylidium caninum (5%), Stronglodies stercoralis (5%), Toxocara spp. (4.38%) and Hymenolepis nana (0.63%).
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