BackgroundTremendous changes have occurred in enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) since Danish surgeon Dr Kehlet published his landmark article in 1997, emphasizing that major surgical procedures may lead to significant undesirable sequelae, including infection, pain, hemorrhage, cardiopulmonary and thromboembolic complications, ileus, postoperative nausea and vomiting, fatigue, and prolonged convalescence. 1 In this regard, the surgical stress response and its subsequently increased demands on organ function is the critical factor influencing postoperative

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