Otitis media with effusion was common in Thai children with cleft palate. Surveillance of middle ear effusion and ventilation tube insertion contributed to a favorable hearing outcome.

Ultrasonography is helpful in determining the pediatric midline neck masses that need to be removed surgically. It is less helpful in determining the exact pathologic characteristics of the lesion.

CSA is relatively common in infants with laryngomalacia. There seems to be a higher prevalence of CSA in infants with certain risk factors, but none of the risk factors are statistically significant. The presence of CSA can lead to alteration in sleep architecture. In addition to clinical evaluation, polysomnography may be warranted for the evaluation of infants with laryngomalacia and associated complex medical conditions.

Study Objectives: Supplemental oxygen has been shown to decrease the frequency of obstructive respiratory events during sleep, but may result in alveolar hypoventilation. Limited information exists on the effect of supplemental oxygen on sleep and respiratory events in infants with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of infants with OSA who had sleep studies performed from 2007-2012. All infants underwent a room air diagnostic sleep study (RA-PSG), followed by a sleep study while breathing supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula (O 2 -PSG) on a separate night. Infants with split-night studies or with inadequate sleep time were excluded. Results: Fifty-nine infants met criteria for entry into analysis. The mean age of infants at the time of RA-PSG was 13.0 ± 11.7 weeks and at O 2 -PSG was 15.4 ± 13.0 weeks. The obstructive AHI decreased from 19.7 ± 13.0 during RA-PSG to 10.6 ± 11.7 during O 2 -PSG (P <.001). The duration of longest obstructive apnea increased from 11.0 ± 4.2 seconds to 13.4 ± 7.4 seconds (P =.01). The lowest saturation associated with obstructive apneas increased from 80.7 ± 6.8% to 90.0 ± 6.7% (P < .001). Carbon dioxide data showed no difference in ventilation after supplemental oxygen administration. There was no significant change in the spontaneous arousal index, however, the percentage of respiratory events associated with arousal increased from 20.7 ± 11.1% to 35.7 ± 19.7% (P < .001). Conclusions: Infants with OSA who received supplemental oxygen had a significant decrease in the frequency of obstructive respiratory events and improved oxygenation without adverse effect on alveolar ventilation. These data suggest that supplemental oxygen may be an effective treatment for infants with OSA who are not good candidates for continuous positive airway pressure or surgery.