A shift into a more developed country means an increase in various aspects of economy, energy, social, and even environment. For Indonesia, a major change that the country needs to face is the increase of energy demand of 7% every year, reaching a final average expected energy consumption of 497.77 MTOE in 2050. In order to fulfil all upcoming energy demands and achieve energy security, it is crucial to utilize the available abundant resources that the country possesses. Two of these potential resources include coal (22.6 billion tons) and biomass (32.6 GW). Gasification is an alternative clean technology that can utilize low rank coal or biomass to convert it into syngas. The quality of syngas was characterized using the H2/CO ratio parameter. The greater the carbon density in a material, the greater H2/CO ratio will be. However, syngas produced from conventional gasification still emits CO2. Since CO2 is still emitted in coal gasification technology, a carbon capture system called HyPr-RING process is implemented as an alternative to reduce CO2 and increase the quality of syngas up to 91% volume of H2. The process uses CaO as a sorbent to capture CO2 and convert it into CaCO3 in a gasifier. Then, the CaCO3 is calcinated in a calciner to release back CaO that is recycled to capture more of the CO2. Aside from the high availability of coal and biomass, CaO as a major substance used in the CO2 capture process is also abundant in Indonesia (2,156 billion tons). This technology innovation is also economically feasible as it creates a net profit of USD 58,215 and ROI of 11%.

Acid gas enrichment unit (AGEU) involves selective separation of H2S from acid gas mixture, for example using absorption with an NaOH solvent solution. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) buffer addition to NaOH solution suppresses CO2 absorption, thereby increasing the selectivity of H2S absorption. This study evaluated the effect of buffer addition to increase H2S absorption selectivity using an NaOH solution. It was shown that both buffer addition and L/G ratio decrease could increase H2S selectivity by limiting CO2 absorption. Based on the simulation results, in the 0.006 to 0.030 L/G ratio range and NaOH solvent concentration greater than 2%-mass, the addition of NaHCO3 with mass ratio greater than 1.5:1 to NaOH and the addition of Na2CO3 at 1.26 times NaHCO3’s mass increased H2S absorption selectivity up to 17.3%. The combination of an L/G ratio of 0.006 and solvent with a composition of 5%-mass NaOH, 15%-mass NaHCO3, and 18.9%-mass Na2CO3 produced the highest H2S selectivity of 23.1 (379.7% H2S selectivity increase).

Indonesia is the fifth largest coal producer in the world with coal reserves reaching 39.56 billion tonnes. Coal reserves of medium and high quality are expected to be exhausted in 2048, therefore it is necessary to utilize low-ranked coals. Low-ranked coals have a low heating value (<5,100 kcal/kg) and produce greater CO2 emissions compared to medium and high rank coals. One method to increase heating value and reduce CO2 emissions from low-ranked coals is through the Utilization of hybrid coal. Hybrid coal is low quality coal combined with biomass waste and has undergone a pyrolysis process together. The mixing and co-pyrolysis of low-ranked coal with biomass waste such as rice husk, empty palm fruit bunches, and rubber wood with a ratio of 7:3 is known to be able to increase the final product calorific value by 31.10–44.12% and reduce non-neutral CO2 emissions by 15.56–21.31%. The hybrid coal production process is highly prospective to be implemented in Indonesia, especially in Central Java, South Sumatra and South Kalimantan. The payback period from the hybrid coal industry with a production capacity range of 540 thousand to 4.5 million TPY can be achieved in 10–13 years with a net profit range of IDR 137 billion to IDR 493 billion per year and a net present value range of IDR 285 billion to IDR 1.1 trillion.