No abstract

The pharmaceutical industry produces carbon-rich liquid wastes which have been generally qualified as hazardous. A significant proportion of these carbon-rich wastes are currently sent for incineration, although they could be utilised. It was found that the majority of the liquid wastes investigated in this study could be used in biological N-removal as carbon sources for denitrification in domestic wastewater treatment, or for anaerobic biogas production. The volatile content could be separated and the solvents re-utilised, the residual toxic organic compounds could be decomposed by wet oxidation and subsequently sent for biological treatment.

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Ultraviolet (UV) sensors are a key component in growing applications such as water quality treatment and environmental monitoring, with considerable interest in their miniaturization and enhanced operation. This work presents a passive gold coplanar waveguide split ring resonator integrated with anodic self-organized TiO2 nanotube (TNT) membranes with a thickness of 20 μm to provide real-time UV detection. The resonator operated as a one-port device to capture the reflection coefficient (S 11) signal, with a center frequency of 16 GHz and a notch amplitude of −88 dB. It was experimentally analyzed for its UV sensing capability in the range of 36.5–463 μW/cm2. The high-frequency resonator was improved through design choices including the addition of a tapered input transmission line, wire bonding for practical device design, and an interdigitated capacitive ring gap. The high frequency also helped mitigate noise due to water vapor or environmental contaminants. S 11 amplitude variation was found through both experiments and modeling to follow a linear trend with UV illumination intensity. The resonator exhibited over 45 ± 2 dB shift in the resonant amplitude under the highest UV illumination conditions, with a sensitivity of 0.084 dB/μW cm–2 and the potential to sense UV intensity as low as 2.7 μW/cm2. The presented device enabled a repeatable and accurate microwave response under UV illumination with very high sensitivity, entirely through the use of passive circuit elements.