This paper investigates multi-stakeholder arrangements initiated by businesses and NGOs from the North that aim to enhance a more sustainable agricultural production at specific localities in Southern countries. We aim to better understand the search for concerted action in multi-actor arrangements. Therefore, this paper presents a diagnostic framework with three strategic challenges the partnership projects are facing: linking global economic objectives to local needs, values and interests; bridging public and private interests and responsibilities; and seeking trade-offs between social, environmental and economic values. Starting from the partnerships' Theory of Change, this diagnostic framework is applied to comparative case studies of partnership projects in the cocoa sector in Indonesia, which are part of a Northern-based public-private partnership to improve farmers' prospective. It is concluded that the economic reality faced by the farmers differs from that of the Northern actors; collaboration with governments is difficult because of different organizational cultures; and the partnership projects underestimate the strength of vested social relations the smallholders are part of. Overall, the initiators of the partnerships seem to work with a too restricted economic interpretation of the local reality.

As a country that lies in the area known as the Ring of Fire, Indonesia is prone to many disasters and the aftermaths of such crises, from low-scale earthquake events up to mega-magnitude tsunami, earthquakes and volcanoes. The current Covid-19 pandemic is another disaster in mega magnitude scale that the country must deal with.  Research on disaster risk reduction and management has been conducted, yet little is known about how governments, as the most important actor in disaster countermeasures, develop their institutions based on unpredictable exogenous factors.  This study aims to critically analyse disaster and crisis countermeasures in Indonesia based on a constructivist perspective.  The data for this qualitative study were mainly collected through document studies, together with some interviews.  The mega-crisis due to the Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in the establishment of long-term national, provincial, local, and lower level task forces all over Indonesia.  This kind of institutional arrangement has never previously been developed in the country, not even after the 2006 mega-tsunami which hit various provinces and led to a huge death toll of over 100,000. The study shows that although the institutional arrangements for disaster countermeasures in Indonesia are based on the same law, the implementation of institutional structures and practices as disaster countermeasures vary greatly.

The traditional wisdom of tunggu tubang has shifted  due to economic needs, lack of agricultural land, job mobility, marriage with other than Semende tribe, which impacts the rights fulfilling and obligations of tunggu tubang. However, this shift has been  responded to by innovations so that this traditional wisdom persisted. This research  is to describe innovations in maintaining the traditional wisdom. This research uses descriptive quantitative method with 40 randomly chosen respondents. Data were taken from interviews using a questionnaire, and  interviews with key informants. The data were analyzed quantitatively with frequency tables, given the meaning with the structural functional approach of Talcott Parson, that traditional wisdom still functions when able to adapt,  goal attainment, integration, latent maintenance. The results showed:  92.5% tunggu tubang to get rights to houses, gardens, fields and carrying out their obligations, but 7.5% without these rights (tepang bangkang) so they cannot carry out their obligations, namely occupying an inheritance house, taking care of their parents and their younger siblings. Tunggu tubang property sold out.This violation is tolerated because of economic necessity. But tepang bangkang still the decision maker in the family and  can give the right for the next tunggu tubang. If tunggu tubang married to someone other than Semende tribe, her husband follows it.If working outside the city, rights are still given while obligations are carried out indirectly. This adaptation makes the  traditional wisdom survive, be the goal of life, carries out the function of integration, but the function of pattern maintenance is getting weaker.

Social media may have roles in improving government performance in digital diplomacy, roles which may be performed by government or non-government actors. The success of Indonesia's digital diplomacy may be achieved through public or community participation. This research put emphasis on public participation of the Indonesians in digital diplomacy through their uses of social media (Facebook, Instagram, Whatsapp, Youtube), Websites, and Applications made by the Government. This research uses documents as the main source of data. Research results show that Indonesians, both in Indonesia and abroad, especially through diaspora organizations, participate in promoting Indonesia, thus participating in digital diplomacy for the interests of Indonesia. The results also that high uses of internets by Indonesians (48% out of 270 millions) is an opportunity for further public participation in digital diplomacy, especially for public aspiration articulation, decision making, and communication involving stakeholders on public diplomacy. It is also an opportunity for publics and government to access data from other countries, to promote Indonesia to foreign countries. However, high uses of internet and social media by Indonesians can also be used by radicals to spread their ideas, for foreign actors to attack Indonesian domestic interests, to spread pornographic contents, and online frauds, both domestically or in international arenas.

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