Summary Robinow syndrome (RS) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder with six genes that converge on the WNT/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway implicated ( DVL1 , DVL3 , FZD2 , NXN , ROR2 , and WNT5A ). RS is characterized by skeletal dysplasia and distinctive facial and physical characteristics. To further explore the genetic heterogeneity, paralog contribution, and phenotypic variability of RS, we investigated a cohort of 22 individuals clinically diagnosed with RS from 18 unrelated families. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in genes associated with RS or RS phenocopies were identified in all 22 individuals, including the first variant to be reported in DVL2 . We retrospectively collected medical records of 16 individuals from this cohort and extracted clinical descriptions from 52 previously published cases. We performed Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) based quantitative phenotypic analyses to dissect allele-specific phenotypic differences. Individuals with FZD2 variants clustered into two groups with demonstrable phenotypic differences between those with missense and truncating alleles. Probands with biallelic NXN variants clustered together with the majority of probands carrying DVL1 , DVL2 , and DVL3 variants, demonstrating no phenotypic distinction between the NXN -autosomal recessive and dominant forms of RS. While phenotypically similar diseases on the RS differential matched through HPO analysis, clustering using phenotype similarity score placed RS-associated phenotypes in a unique cluster containing WNT5A , FZD2 , and ROR2 apart from non-RS-associated paralogs. Through human phenotype analyses of this RS cohort and OMIM clinical synopses of Mendelian disease, this study begins to tease apart specific biologic roles for non-canonical WNT-pathway proteins.
Robinow syndrome is characterized by a triad of craniofacial dysmorphisms, disproportionate-limb short stature, and genital hypoplasia. A significant degree of phenotypic variability seems to correlate with different genes/loci. Disturbances of the noncanonical WNT-pathway have been identified as the main cause of the syndrome. Biallelic variants in ROR2 cause an autosomal recessive form of the syndrome with distinctive skeletal findings. Twenty-two patients with a clinical diagnosis of autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome were screened for variants in ROR2 using multiple molecular approaches. We identified 25 putatively pathogenic ROR2 variants, 16 novel, including single nucleotide variants and exonic deletions.Detailed phenotypic analyses revealed that all subjects presented with a prominent forehead, hypertelorism, short nose, abnormality of the nasal tip, brachydactyly, mesomelic limb shortening, short stature, and genital hypoplasia in male patients. A total of 19 clinical features were present in more than 75% of the subjects, thus pointing to an overall uniformity of the phenotype. Disease-causing variants in ROR2, contribute to a clinically recognizable autosomal recessive trait phenotype with multiple skeletal defects. A comprehensive quantitative clinical evaluation of this cohort delineated the phenotypic spectrum of ROR2-related Robinow syndrome. The identification of exonic deletion variant alleles further supports the contention of a loss-of-function mechanism in the etiology of the syndrome.
Gostaria de agradecer primeiramente a Deus por seu amor, sua graça, sabedoria por ter me conduzido durante todo o desenvolvimento desse projeto por me presentear com incomparável oportunidade de conhecer pessoas incríveis, adquirir conhecimento único e permitir com que realizasse um grande sonho de trabalhar com pesquisa científica.Minha mãe Roselaine Ramalho de Lima por ser fonte de determinação, incentivo, amor, dedicação e apoio de todos os dias desde o início até o final da realização do trabalho. Meu pai José Luis de Lima por ser um exemplo de vida, por todo o amor, atenção, apoio, dedicação agradeço a vocês meus queridos por tudo por serem meus heróis. Meu irmão João Pedro Ramalho de Lima por escutar todas as minhas explicações e treinamento de apresentações de trabalhos.Meu esposo Filipe V. da S. Viana por estar ao meu lado em todos os momentos pelo grande incentivo, força, determinação, carinho, amor. Pela tradução dos inúmeros artigos científicos, almoços no restaurante universitário com direito ao brigadeiro no final, por aguardar horas no laboratório comigo até os experimentos terminarem. Obrigada por tornar o desenvolvimento desse trabalho mais tranquilo e prazeroso.Minha irmã Mariana Ramalho e Alison Horst por me receber em sua casa durante a etapa final do trabalho, por ser minha melhor amiga, pelo seu amor, carinho, determinação, preocupação, por estar ao meu lado durante um dos momentos mais críticos da minha vida. Minha prima Letícia Ramalho Brittes por me ajudar com a tradução para inglês do meu artigo científico, pela sua atenção e amor e carinho. Minha prima Rafaela Ramalho Guerra por acompanhar e fazer parte dessa jornada, por realizar auxílio em todo processo de purificação das amostras para sequenciamento, por sua dedicação, atenção e amor.Minha respeitável orientadora Dra Juliana Forte Mazzeu de Araújo, admirável profissional dedicada, humana, conduziu o desenvolvimento desse trabalho com segurança e perspicácia sempre buscando com calma soluções para os problemas que surgiam além de ter paciência e sabedoria para lidar com momentos difíceis e sempre tirar as dúvidas por mais simples que elas fossem, se mostrando uma grande Mestre, orientadora, professora.
Back Cover: The cover image is based on the Research Article Phenotypic and mutational spectrum of ROR2-related Robinow syndrome by Juliana Forte Mazzeu de Araujo et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.24375.
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