Os sistemas wetlands construídos são uma ecotecnologia de tratamento de águas residuárias enquadrados como soluções baseadas na natureza. Inúmeros elementos físicos e biológicos – em destaque os materiais filtrantes, as macrófitas e os microrganismos – atuam em consonância nas remoções da matéria orgânica suspensa e dissolvida presentes nos afluentes submetidos ao tratamento, bem como, nas transformações dos nutrientes presentes. Os wetlands construídos compõem inúmeros arranjos tecnológicos de tratamento de esgotos, são consolidados no mundo e no Brasil como mais uma opção para o controle da poluição hídrica. Inúmeras empresas, operadoras de saneamento, universidades e centros de pesquisa vêm aplicando e estudando as diversas modalidades de wetlands construídos. O Grupo Wetlands Brasil, o qual congrega inúmeros pesquisadores e praticantes distribuídos em todo o território nacional, foi estabelecido há uma década tendo como premissa a disseminação da utilização desta ecotecnologia na busca da universalização do esgotamento sanitário.
Partially saturated vertical flow constructed wetland (SVF) emerge as an alternative to classical vertical flow due to improved carbonaceous organic matter removal and nitrogen transformations without of the need for external energy source. In this context, the main objective of this study was to show the long-term evaluation of a SVF wetland with 7.5 m2 of surface area (filter media depth of 0.75 m where 53% of total depth was saturated) and planted with Typha domingensis macrophyte, operated as secondary/advanced treatment unit of urban wastewater under subtropical climate conditions. Sampling and analysis of conventional wastewater quality parameters, oxygen consumption rate estimation, and assessment of bacterial dynamics were conducted over 6 years, which allowed inferring that operating the SVF wetland with a specific hydraulic load around 4 L∙m-2∙min-1 and hydraulic regime with feeding and resting cycles of 3.5 d, all wastewater quality parameters met local legislation release standards in river water bodies. Saturated zone of the wetland favors the presence of denitrifying bacteria representing a potential of 44% of TN removal due to simultaneous nitrification-denitrification.
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