In Bangladesh, the role of Distributed Generation (DG) is increasingly being recognized as a supplement and an alternative to large conventional central power supply. The government and many non-governmental organizations have tried to comprehend and strived to address the problem of energy through promoting Solar Home Systems (SHSs) in off-grid areas. Though centralized economic system that solely depends on cities is hampered due to energy deficiency, the use of solar energy in cities is never been tried widely due to technical inconvenience and high installment cost. To mitigate these problems, this paper proposes an optimized design of grid-tied PV system without storage which is suitable for Bangladesh as it requires less installment cost and supplies residential loads when the grid power is unavailable. This paper also analyzes the implementation outcome of integrating this grid-tied PV system in grid connected areas, especially in the capital of Bangladesh.

Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, is one of the fastest growing cities in Southern Asia, having population of more than 13 million, and is expected to accommodate more than 20 million by 2025. This growth has been accompanied by the growth of urban slums and the subsequent challenges to access basic urban services like water, sanitation, clean energy, and transport for the urban poor. Despite its importance for basic survival, electricity supply is not recognized as a basic urban service, as a result of which, the poverty alleviation and basic infrastructure provision programs have not addressed this issue completely. On the basis of a stakeholder interaction approach, following a set of logically sequenced questions to assess the availability, accessibility, affordability, reliability and continuity of usage of electricity, this study assesses the current status of electricity access in an urban poor area of Dhaka and identifies barriers to electricity access from both demand and supply side. Barriers specific recommendations are also suggested based on the experiences from field visit and the best practices outside Bangladesh are also identified. V C 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

The evolution of the cellular networks leaves enterprises to determine how to manage today's mobility solutions as well as future plans. Now for all of the 2G mobile backhauls, the 3G networks are the next step in the quest for speed and increase in bandwidth to provide support for more demanding multimedia applications and other next generation services. A major challenge is in the transmission backhaul of these networks. In this pursuit of migration, there is always a trade-off between merits and costs of several technical options. To address these issues, this Paper explores the possible options of the road to migration of a mobile telephony backhaul network from a traditional second generation circuit switched network, which will meet the ever growing high bandwidth demands of the subscribers, keeping in mind about the optimized benefit to cost efficiency of such a massive transformation. New challenges such as synchronization will also arise in such a migration which will be required to be dealt with in an innovative way. Solutions to such challenges will also be suggested in our proposed model.

Abstract-Two consecutive low-yielded attempts in Copenhagen and then in Cancun brought down any possibility to develop an effective post-Kyoto policy framework by the end of 2012. Obstinacy of USA, readily available AAUs in Europe and unsustainable energy generation in China, India or Brazil are some of the reasons why the world is still struggling to minimize overall GHG emission. To meet the interest of both emerging developing nations and developed nations without restricting anyone's potential economic growth and at the same time find an effective means to involve other under-developed countries are the biggest challenges for any post-Kyoto agreement. It should be flexible and attractive enough to involve developed, emerging and developing economy in order to seek opportunities for their own interest. This paper briefly discusses Kyoto protocol and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and then outlines 'a green strategy' which could effectively address the concerns of all stake holders and yet achieve reduction in emission.