Mandible is the lower facial bone that plays an important role in complex function of chewing, deglutition, speech, supports Tongue and forms contour of lower third of Face. Rapid urbanization has resulted in increase in the number of road traffic accidents with fractures of the Facial bones. Mandible is the second most common facial bone to get fractured. Fractures of the Mandible need intervention at the earliest. AIMTo retrospectively analyse the cause, age and sex incidence, sites of fracture of mandible, combination of fractures, various diagnostic and treatment modalities that were used. METHOD AND MATERIALSThe study includes 1087 patients with isolated fractures of the mandible treated in the Department of Plastic Surgery at Gandhi Hospital between the years 2005 to 2014. The patterns of the history, clinical examination, diagnostic tests done were assessed. Age, sex, aetiology, method of management were the variables analysed. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences 0 Version 15.0 Statistical analysis software). The values are represented in frequencies and percentages. RESULTS1087 patients with isolated fractures of the mandible were studied. Steep rise in the incidence from 8.98% in 2005 to 18% in 2014 was noted. Males were more frequently involved (92.64%) in comparison to females. The commonly involved age group was between 21-30 years (54.55%). Most of the patients sustained injury due to road traffic accidents (75.9%) of which majority were two wheeler accidents (45.81%). Parasymphysis was fractured in 41.39%. X-rays were used as the diagnostic modality between the years 2004 to 2010. Later digital X-rays and 3D Computerized Tomography have replaced it. Closed reduction was done in 57.22%. Complications (1.1%) in the form of infection and mal-occlusions were noted. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONSThe commonest aetiology was road traffic accidents and sense of public awareness is to be created about traffic rules and regulations. Males, age group between 21-30 and parasymphysis were commonly involved. Class I occlusion was achieved with closed method of Maxillomandibular fixation in 57.22% and open reduction was done in cases where closed reduction was not possible and they amounted to 42.77%. KEYWORDSMandible Fracture, RTA, Parasymphysis, Closed Reduction, Open Reduction, MMF, Class I Occlusion. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:Rangaswamy G, Kumar AS, Manjula G, et al. A retrospective study of epidemiology fractures of mandible in tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of a decade.

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BACKGROUND Zygoma is a very crucial component, which maintains facial contour. Fracture and dislocation of this bone not only causes cosmetic defects, but also disrupts ocular and mandibular functions. Fractures can involve any of the four articulations of zygoma, which include zygomaticomaxillary complex, zygomatic complex and orbitozygomatic complex. Management depends on a thorough preoperative physical examination with special attention to the ophthalmologic assessment. Fractures involving zygoma should be repaired at the earliest, because it can cause both functional and cosmetic defects. These fractures are common in our institution and a study is being undertaken to study the causes, pattern of fractures, the diagnostic and treatment modalities adopted. The aim of this study is to analyse the cause, age and gender, incidence, sites of fracture of zygoma, various combinations of fractures, diagnostic and treatment modalities that were used. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective descriptive study includes 366 patients with fractures of zygoma treated in the Department of Plastic Surgery at Gandhi Medical College between the years 2008-2017. The history obtained, clinical examination and diagnostic tests done were analysed. Incidence, age, gender, site of fracture, side of fracture, aetiology and method of management and the outcome after surgery were the different variables analysed. RESULTS 366 patients with fractures of zygoma were analysed. There is a rise of incidence ranging from as low as 12.96% to as high as 62.50% of total fracture of faciomaxillary cases during the decade. Males were more frequently involved (88.79%) in comparison to females. The commonly involved age group was between 21-30 years (36.88%). Most of the patients sustained injuries due to road traffic accidents (78.14%). Body of the zygoma was involved in 33.33% of total cases of fracture zygoma cases. X-rays, digital x-rays and 3D computerised tomography were used as the diagnostic modalities. Open reduction and internal fixation with plate and screws was done in 50.27% of cases. Complications like wound infection, plate exposure were noted in 8.46% (31 out of 366 patients). CONCLUSION Road traffic accidents were found to be the common cause of fractures of the zygoma. Awareness regarding traffic rules and regulations and counselling youth regarding hazards of drunken driving, bike and car races on public roads should to be done. In young males, body of the zygoma was more commonly involved. Early intervention enabled good functional and aesthetic outcomes. Patients with restricted mouth opening can be attended to by either redo-ORIF or dilatations with Heister's dilator or by insertion of the ice cream sticks by increasing them progressively.

BACKGROUND Chronic alcoholics getting admitted with burn injuries is common. Thiamine is administered in them along with antipsychotics when they develop AWS. The objectives of this study were-1. to determine the incidence of "AWS" in chronic alcoholics with burn injuries, and 2. to determine the role of thiamine. MATERIALS & METHODS This observational prospective study was done in 62 chronic alcoholic patients with burn injuries in the Department of Plastic surgery, in Gandhi hospital during January 2015 and December 2016. Sample size was taken for convenience. RESULTS Amongst the admitted patients, 90.32% were male and 9.67% were female. The mean age of the patients was 43.22 years. The SD was 10.74. 50% of them were laborers. 40.32 % developed "AWS". 32.25% of them were in Group I and 48.38% in Group II. GGT, AST, ALT were elevated and AST: ALT ratio was more than 1 in 51.61% of alcoholics. "AWS", lasted 4.2 days in Group I and 7.14 days in Group II patients; the AST: ALT ratio was greater than one in 60 % and GGT was elevated in 56% in those who developed AWS. CONCLUSION AWS was common, the incidence was higher, and recovery was delayed in those who did not receive Thiamine. Though all the liver enzymes were found to be elevated, GGT was elevated the most.