» The most common causative organism of pediatric osteomyelitis is Staphylococcus aureus, although, more recently, organisms such as Kingella kingae and methicillin-resistant S. aureus have been increasing in prevalence.» Magnetic resonance imaging is the best diagnostic imaging modality for pediatric osteomyelitis given its high sensitivity and specificity.» Most cases of early osteomyelitis without a drainable abscess can be adequately treated with a short course of intravenous antibiotics followed by at least 3 weeks of oral antibiotics.» Surgical management of pediatric osteomyelitis is usually indicated in the presence of an abscess and/or failed treatment with antibiotic therapy.» Clinical examination, fever, and C-reactive protein testing should be used to guide the conversion to oral antibiotics, the total antibiotic regimen duration, and the need for an additional debridement surgical procedure.

Purpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to review recent literature focusing on proximal humerus anatomy, epidemiology of these fractures, diagnosis and treatment options, and clinical outcomes. Recent Findings Non-or minimally displaced proximal humerus fractures treated nonoperatively do not lead to short-or longterm complication and do not cross over to operative treatment. There is a higher rate of operative management with older age, increased injury severity score, treatment at an adult hospital, and private insurance. Operative management is preferred with closed or open reduction and percutaneous pinning, but elastic nailing and plate fixation are other options with good postoperative outcomes. Summary Pediatric proximal humerus fractures occur after fall onto the affected shoulder or arm. Diagnosis is usually made with radiographs. Understanding the proximal humerus anatomy is critical to the proper management of these injuries to aid reduction and predict remodeling potential. There is considerable debate around the management of proximal humerus fractures in the pediatric population. Treatment is based on patient age, fracture displacement, and remodeling capacity. Nonoperative management is successful in younger patients or less displaced fractures, and operative management is usually considered in older patients with more displaced fractures.Keywords Pediatric proximal humerus fractures . Pediatric trauma . Proximal humerus fracture treatment . Shoulder injury . Pediatric fracturesThis article is part of the Topical Collection on Pediatric Orthopedics

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