The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a global pandemic in March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO). By February 2022, the disease had infected more than 500 million people globally. COVID-19 frequently manifests as pneumonia and mortality is mainly caused by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Previous studies have reported that pregnant women are at a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and complications can happen due to alterations in the immune response, respiratory physiology, hypercoagulable state, and placental pathology. Clinicians face the challenge of selecting the proper treatment for pregnant patients with different physiological characteristics compared with the non-pregnant population. Furthermore, drug safety for both the patient and the fetus should also be considered. Efforts to prevent COVID-19, including prioritizing vaccination for pregnant women, are essential to break the chain of COVID-19 transmission in the pregnant population. This review aims to summarize the current literature regarding the effect of COVID-19 in pregnant women, its clinical manifestations, treatment, complications, and prevention.

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Background Irrational use of antibiotics could increase the incidence of infection caused by the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae. Prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae varies among hospitals, and its resistance could complicate the treatment, extend the hospital length of stay, and increase the mortality. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and its association with antibiotic use. Methods This study was a cross sectional study, involving 111 secondary data derived from ESBL resistance test of culture examinations which used the standardized method according to The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and patients medical records in Central ICU RSCM in 2011. Results Laboratory test results showed that 8 from 111 samples (7,2%) were infected with Enterobacteriaceae producing ESBL. Data were analyzed using chi-square test, p=0,05. Statistical analysis results were RP>1 with the value of significance p=1.000 and 95% CI 1.039; 1.179. Conclusion It is concluded that there is no association between antibiotic use and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection in Central ICU RSCM in 2011.

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