The crystallization of methane hydrates via homogeneous nucleation under natural, moderate conditions is of both industrial and scientific relevance, yet still poorly understood. Predicting the nucleation rates at such conditions is notoriously difficult due to high nucleation barriers, and requires, besides an accurate molecular model, enhanced sampling. Here, we apply the transition interface sampling technique, which efficiently computes the exact rate of nucleation by generating ensembles of unbiased dynamical trajectories crossing predefined interfaces located between the stable states. Using an accurate atomistic force field and focusing on specific conditions of 280 K and 500 bar, we compute for nucleation directly into the sI crystal phase at a rate of ∼10 –17 nuclei per nanosecond per simulation volume or ∼10 2 nuclei per second per cm 3 , in agreement with consensus estimates for nearby conditions. As this is most likely fortuitous, we discuss the causes of the large differences between our results and previous simulation studies. Our work shows that it is now possible to compute rates for methane hydrates at moderate supersaturation, without relying on any assumptions other than the force field.

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In this review, we have studied about Selinum vaginatum. We studied about the essential oil which was extracted from the roots of this plant and also we know about the medicinal uses of S. vaginatum. This plant is found in Northwest Himalayan region including the Kashmir, also in Kailash Parvat and in Himachal. This plant particularly found in specific region of Himachal including the Parvati Valley and also in Lahaul district. We performed the extraction of essential oil using gas chromatography technique, which was also examined through flame ionization detector and a capillary column. We also performed the mass spectroscopy technique using which the molecular weight is obtained. In macroscopic study, we studied about the organoleptic properties, which include color, taste, and odor. In microscopy, we performed T.S of a part of the drug in which we observed that its bark contains 4–8 layers. It contains terpene, coumarin, volatile, and other compounds included valerenic acid. The pharmacological actions of S. vaginatum are antibacterial, antioxidants, antifungal, anticonvulsant, anticarcinogenic, antiviral, and vasodilator action. This herb was used traditionally in the treatment of various neurological disorders including mental weakness, epilepsy, convulsions, and hysteria. It is used to treat painful toothache, and according to tribal people, the entire plants were kept in houses to get rid of any evil spirit.

The relative impacts of different seasons of ericulture namely May-June,July-Aug., Sep.-Oct. and Nov.-Dec on the qualities of erisilk cocoons and erisilk yarn of four different mutant strains of PhilosamiariciniViz; Yellow plain, Yellow zebra, G.B. plain and G.B. zebra have been evaluated under the reeling parameters. Results obtained indicate that the reeling performances of G.B. plain mutant strain is best in the season May-June (summer)followed by July-August (Rainy) and are relatively better in respect of qualities of eri cocoons and eri silk yarn in comparison to two other seasons namely September-October and November-December. The said variations are probably on account of the fact that May-June followed by July-August seasons provide relatively better and conducive eco-friendly environment to mutant strain than two other seasons of eri culture in respect of cocoon weight, shell weight, shell ratio, filament length of eri silk yarn, rate of eri silk tenacity of fibre and elongation percentage of fibre. The significant variations in relation to four different seasons in the qualities of eri cocoons and eri silk yarn of yellow plain mutant strain of Philosamiaricini (the popular eri silkworm among the four mutant strains) also have been found relatively better in respect of qualities of eri cocoons and eri silk yarn in all the seasons in spite of evident variation on account of genetic variabilities and differences in the genetic make-up of mutant strains.

This study aims to: (1) determine the level of knowledge of farmers in patchouli cultivation, (2) determine the types of motivation in patchouli cultivation, (3) determine the income of farmers in patchouli cultivation. This research was conducted in Lerepako Village, Laeya District, South Konawe Regency which was carried out from July 2021 to September 2021 with a total of 20 respondents selected by census. Data analysis in this study used a descriptive method. The results of this study indicate that (1) The level of knowledge of farmers in Lerepako Village in patchouli cultivation, all farmers are already at the level of knowledge of evaluating and some farmers are already at the level of knowledge of creating. (2) The motivation of farmers in patchouli cultivation in Lerepako Village is divided into two types of motivation, namely intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation is dominated by fulfilling economic needs and interest in work  while extrinsic motivation is dominated by price  and a soil condition with a percentage. (3) The average income of farmers in patchouli cultivation in Lerepako Village, Laeya District, Konawe Selatan Regency from patchouli oil income is Rp. 61,445,000/planting season.