Illicit drug use has been associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in select populations but it is unknown if the same association exists in the general population. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2008, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 5,861 adults who were questioned about illicit drug use including cocaine, methamphetamines, or heroin during their lifetime. The primary outcome was CKD as defined by an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤60mL/min/1.73m2 using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation or by microalbuminuria. We also examined the association between illicit drug use and blood pressure (BP) ≥120/80, ≥130/85, and ≥140/90. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between illicit drug use and CKD and BP. Mean eGFR was similar between illicit drug users and non-users (100.7 vs. 101.4mL/min/1.73m2, p=0.4) as was albuminuria (5.7 vs. 6.0mg/g creatinine, p=0.5). Accordingly, illicit drug use was not significantly associated with CKD in logistic regression models (odds ratio [OR] 0.98, confidence interval [CI] 0.75-1.27) after adjusting for other important factors. However, illicit drug users had higher systolic (120 vs. 118mmHg, p=0.04) and diastolic BP (73 vs. 71mmHg, p=0.0003) compared to non-users. Also, cocaine use was independently associated with BP≥130/85 (OR 1.24, CI 1.00-1.54), especially when used more during a lifetime (6-49 times, OR 1.42, CI 1.06-1.91). In a representative sample of the U.S. population, illicit drug use was not associated with CKD but cocaine users were more likely to have elevated blood pressures.

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nasal septum with malocclusion of teeth. The thumb of his right hand was absent, and he had Sprengel's deformity (elevated and small scapula) (Fig. 2). He had restricted neck movements with minimal extension at the cervical vertebrae. He had fusion of the cervical vertebrae at the level of C2-3 and C5-6. The patient had a severe degree of kyphoscoliosis (Cobb angle was 40°) and could only lie down with two pillows below his occiput. On auscultation, he had minimally decreased air entry of the right lung. His higher function examination suggested poor mentation, and this was further corroborated by IQ testing, which revealed an IQ rating of 73. He had no muscle weakness or other neurological symptoms. His cardiovascular system was unaffected, with normal two-dimensional echocardiography. Ultrasound echography of his abdomen showed absence of the right kidney. He was unable to perform pulmonary function tests because of his cleft palate. However, hematological, coagulation, and biochemical investigations were unremarkable. His chest X-ray did not reveal any significant changes.The preoperative evaluation of airway (temporomandibular joint function) revealed a mouth opening of more than 40 mm. Mallampati classification was not possible because of the associated cleft palate. His extension of head was more than two-thirds restricted. The patient had dental malocclusion. However, radiological examination for estimation of mandibular space was not done.After informed consent from his parents, the child was premedicated with 75 mg ranitidine orally on the night before and on the morning of surgery and received 0.1 mg glycopyrrolate intramuscularly 1 h before operation.In the operating theater, he was connected to a multichannel monitor (Datex-AS-3 Light, Helsinki, Finland), and his heart rate, noninvasively measured blood pressure, electrocardiogram, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ), and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) were

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