Experimental results for near-bottom current velocity profiles for flows over artificial, definitely 2D ripples made of 1.5 cm high aluminum angle-profile spaced at 10 cm intervals are obtained for the following cases: (i) current alone perpendicular to ripples; (ii) current alone parallel to ripples; (iii) combined orthogonal wave-current flows for current parallel to ripples; and (iv) current alone at an angle of 30° to the ripple axis. The velocity profiles are analyzed by the log-profile method, and show the roughness experienced by the current to increase as the angle between ripple and current direction increases, i.e. demonstrating convincingly the reality of the concept of a direction-dependent roughness for flows over a 2D rippled bottom. Roughness experienced by the velocity component perpendicular to the ripples is, however, found to be independent of the direction of the mainstream flow relative to that of the ripples, and the different roughness experienced by the perpendicular and parallel velocity components gives rise to a turning of the current velocity vector to become increasingly aligned with the ripple crests as the bottom is approached from above. Implications of this feature, in terms of net sediment transport direction in combined wave-current flows in inner-shelf coastal waters, is discussed.
Setiap perencanaan infrastruktur sumber daya air terutama bangunan sungai membutuhkan debit banjir rencana. Debit banjir rencana diperoleh dari transformasi data hujan rencana yang didistribusikan menjadi hujan jam-jaman menggunakan pola distribusi hujan berdasarkan data pencatatan hujan jam-jaman dari stasiun hujan otomatis/Automatic Rainfall Recorder(ARR). Permasalahannya, beberapa stasiun hujan hanya menyediakan data hujan harian dan tidak tersedia data hujan jam-jaman. Metode empiris seperti Alternating Block Method (ABM) dan Mononobe mampu mengatasi permasalahan ketersediaan data tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melakukan evaluasi apakah debit rencana dengan pola distribusi hujan metode empiris dapat menggambarkan debit banjir rencana dengan pola distribusi hujan terukur. Analisis diawali dengan mencari distribusi hujan dominan dan pola distribusi hujan terukur untuk kejadian hujan lebat berdasarkan data ARR Jurug tahun 2018-2021. Hujan rencana hasil analisis frekuensi tahun 1997-2021 didistribusikan menjadi hujan jam-jaman dengan pola distribusi hujan terukur, metode ABM dan metode Mononobe selanjutnya ditransformasikan dengan hidrograf satuan terukur rata-rata untuk mendapatkan besaran banjir rencana. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan membandingkan antara debit rencana dengan metode distribusi hujan terukur dan dengan metode distribusi hujan metode empiris. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode distribusi hujan empiris dapat digunakan dalam analisa debit banjir rencana apabila tidak tersedia data hujan jam-jaman dengan dengan nilai korelasi, RMSE, NSE dan BIAS sebesar 1,000; 22,30; 1,000; 1,00 % untuk metode ABM dan 1,000; 7,85; 1,000; -0,37 % untuk metode Mononobe. Berdasarkan nilai statistik dan pola distribusi hujan jam-jaman menunjukkan metode Mononobe menunjukkan kesesuaian yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan metode ABM.
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