The USD6 billion Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) tuna fisheries produce over half the world's tuna and are important for coastal countries. Tuna fisheries policy, management and research currently focus on fisheries resources and industrial fishing on offshore vessels with all male crews, although women, as much as men, are employed in tuna processing and trading in domestic, informal and export value chains. We apply a gender lens to four WCPO case-study tuna industries: Suva and Levuka in Fiji, Bitung in Indonesia, General Santos City in the Philippines and Western Province including Noro in Solomon Islands. The gender divisions of labour, livelihood opportunities and social impacts vary greatly across the value chain nodes, depending on the size, quantity and quality of fish handled, and the scale of operations. The gender lens also reveals the social impacts of fishing when husbands/fathers/sons are killed or injured, absent for long periods and engage in sex, drugs and alcohol behaviours in port. Despite the centrality of women in tuna industries, and the gendered social impacts, regional and national policies largely omit gender. The tuna discourse should be broadened from that of male-dominated industrial fishing to whole of value chains including domestic and informal enterprises in which women are equally involved. Progress on gender equity needs collaboration by multiple stakeholders including industrial firms employing people in factories, offices and on fishing vessels, regional bodies and national governments responsible for policy, monitoring and regulation, and research agencies to build knowledge. K E Y W O R D S equality and equity, gender division of labour, gendered value chains, inclusive fisheries policy, just work in fisheries, tuna industries | 585 BARCLAY et AL. 590 4.3.1 Fishing node 590 4.3.2 Processing node 591 4.3.3 Trading node 592 4.4 Effects of COVID-19 592 4.5 Gender in WCPO fisheries organization policies 593 5. DISCUSSION 595 6. CONCLUSION 598 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 598 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 598 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS 598 DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 598 Semi-structured interviews 19 (10F, 9M) Suva and village of Waiqanake May 2019 Semi-structured focus discussion groups 1 Kalekana village (6F) Bitung, Indonesia Project: Gender and labour analyses of the tuna industries Researchers: Arlene Nietes-Satapornvanit with Sam Ratulangi University and Verité, respectively Semi-structured interviews 85 (29F, 56M) Bitung, Manado, Sangihe (labour) October 2016 Structured interviews 244 (123F, 121M) (gender) March-May 2017 Focus group discussions 5 (2F, 1M, 2 mixed) (gender) Inception workshop 22 (14F, 8M) (gender) Gender-responsive value chain mapping workshop 50 (35F, 15M) (gender) Key informant interviews 25 (4F, 21M) (gender) 8 (2F, 6M) (labour) October 2016 Stakeholder validation workshop 25 (20F, 5M) (gender) May 2017 Integrated stakeholder validation workshop 100 (53F, 47M) (gender and labour)

The rapid development of inland aquaculture in Asia has been based on the ready availability of fish seed to farmers. Although seed of the major cultured species is now produced in large quantities in hatcheries, poor quality is increasingly perceived as a major constraint to the success of fish culture, especially for new entrant farmers and poorer smallholders. However, clarification of the role of seed quality, as opposed to post-stocking management, as the cause of farmers' poor results is often lacking. Furthermore, poor seed quality can have a variety of causes relating to both genetics and management. A participatory methodology is described, 'state of the system' (SoS) reporting, that identifies probable causes of poor seed quality and important researchable issues with the people involved in seed production and distribution networks. SoS reporting may be a useful approach for accelerating accurate analysis and subsequent policy-making of such dynamic situations with, and for, the stakeholders involved. Characteristics of current fish seed networks, and promising strategies for the production and distribution of high quality seed to smallholders, are identified. Improved seed quality will depend both on greater awareness of the problem and on practical methods for its assessment at the hatchery or farm level. The role of institutions in improving, maintaining and monitoring fish seed availability and quality is discussed.