Purpose -The purpose of this research paper is to prove the superiority of a two-stage data envelopment analysis compared to a one-stage approach in measuring a football club's efficiency. Moreover it provides best practice benchmarks for the research sample which supports football officials to orient themselves to the right clubs. Design/methodology/approach -A non-parametric two-stage data envelopment analysis for the seasons 2006/07 to 2008/09 is introduced to measure the efficiency of English Premier League football clubs from an off-field and an on-field perspective. The results are compared with those of the traditional one-stage data envelopment analysis approach to identify insufficiencies of the latter. Findings -The results show evidence that different conclusions derive from either the one-or the twostage approach with the threat of potential misinterpretations in the case of the former. Furthermore, this study provides football clubs with information to focus on specific efficiency-enhancing strategies at the individual stages of the production process and therefore acts as a supportive tool for the football club officials for setting corrective actions if inefficiencies are identified.Research limitations/implications -The present article provides a foundation for future studies in other football leagues as well as for an intertemporal analysis which evaluates the efficiency of a club on a yearly basis. Originality/value -This is the first paper that introduces a two-stage data envelopment analysis approach in football research. It has proven that it can identify sources of inefficiencies more accurately than a one-stage data envelopment analysis and provides football officials with valuable information about their club.

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Extant literature on the effects of family involvement on innovativeness has so far produced controversial results. While some papers argue that family firms are less innovative than non-family firms, other studies make a case for the exact opposite. So far most studies have tackled this question by taking a particularistic perspective. In this paper, however, we employ a broader approach and consider multiple drivers of innovation as a starting point. Drawing on the idiosyncrasies of family firms, we then predict a difference between family firms and non-family firms with regard to innovation drivers. Our second hypothesis proposes that the effect of family involvement on a firm's innovativeness is mediated by several drivers of innovation. We test our hypotheses using a data set of 184 Austrian companies. Our results indicate significant differences between family firms and non-family firms for six drivers of innovation. Moreover, our findings suggest that there is a multitude of factors that serve as mediators of the relationship between family involvement and innovativeness.

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