OBJECTIVE:To assess risk factors for early neonatal mortality. METHODS:A population-based case-control study was carried out with 146 early neonatal deaths and a sample of 313 controls obtained among survivals of the neonate period in the south region of the city of São Paulo, in the period of 8/1/2000 to 1/31/2001. Information was obtained through home interviews and hospital charts. Hierarchical assessment was performed in fi ve groups with the following characteristics 1) socioeconomic conditions of mothers and families, 2) maternal psychosocial conditions, 3) obstetrical history and biological characteristics of mothers, 4) delivery conditions, 5) conditions of newborns. RESULTS:Risk factors for early neonate mortality were: Group 1: poor education of household head (OR=1.6; 95% CI: 1.1;2.6), household located in a slum area (OR=2.0; 95% CI: 1.2;3.5) with up to one room (OR=2.2; 95% CI: 1.1;4.2); Group 2: mothers in recent union (OR=2.0; 95% CI: 1.0;4.2), unmarried mothers (OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.1;3.0), and presence of domestic violence (OR=2.7; 95% CI: 1;6.5); Group 3: presence of complications in pregnancy (OR=8.2; 95% CI: 5.0;13.5), previous low birth weight (OR=2.4; 95% CI: 1.2;4.5), absence of pre-natal care (OR=16.1; 95% CI: 4.7;55.4), and inadequate pre-natal care (block 3) (OR=2.1; 95% CI: 2.0;3.5); Group 4: presence of clinical problems during delivery (OR=2.9; 95% CI: 1.4;5.1), mothers who went to hospital in ambulances (OR=3.8; 95% CI: 1.4;10.7); Group 5: low birth weight (OR=17.3; 95% CI: 8.4;35.6) and preterm live births (OR=8.8; 95% CI: 4.3;17.8). CONCLUSIONS:Additionally to proximal factors (low birth weight, preterm gestations, labor complications and unfavorable clinical conditions in gestation), the variables expressing social exclusion and presence of psychosocial factors were also identifi ed. This context may affect the development of gestation and hinder the access of women to health services. Adequate prenatal care could minimize the effect of these variables.

OBJECTIVE: In order to determine the relationship between some maternal anthropometric indicators and birth weight, crown-heel length and newborn's head circumference, 92 pregnant women were followed through at the prenatal service of hospital in S. Paulo, Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The following variables were established for the mother: weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference, pre-pregnancy weight, gestational weight gain and Quetelet's index. For the newborn the following variables were recorded: birth weight, crown-heel length, head circumference and gestational age by Dubowitz's method. RESULTS: Significant associations were noted between gestational age and newborn variables. In addition, maternal mid-arm circumference (MUAC) and pre-pregnancy weight were found to be positively correlated to birth weight (r=0.399; r=0.378, respectively). The multivariate linear regression shows that gestational age, mother's arm circumference and pre-pregnancy weight continue to be significant predictors of birth weight. On the other hand, only gestational age and mother's age was associated with crown-heel length. Similarly MUAC was significantly associated with crown-heel length (r= 0.306; P=0.0030). CONCLUSION: Maternal mid-upper arm circumference is a potential indicator of maternal nutritional status. It could be used in association with other anthropometric measurements, instead of pre-pregnancy weight, as an alternative indicator to assess women at risk of poor pregnancy outcome.

MARTINS, I.S. et al. As determinações biológica e social da doença: um estudo de anemia ferropriva.Rev.Saúde públ., S.Paulo, 21: [73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89]1987.RESUMO: Buscou-se caracterizar os diferentes níveis de determinação da anemia carencial, enquanto fenômeno de saúde pública, a partir de algumas das relações biológicas e sociais definidoras desse processo saúde-doença. Articulando a análise dos processos específicos de determinada população de gestantes aos processos gerais próprios da metrópole paulistana, pôde-se observar como as condições para a ocorrência da anemia ferropriva estão atreladas às condições sociais e econômicas, de classe, seja pelas deficiências qualitativas e quantitativas da dieta, seja pela precariedade de saneamento ambiental, condições essas típicas das áreas habitadas pelas camadas sociais mais baixas. Focalizando um outro nível hierárquico das determinações, a análise dessas carências foi remetida, tendo em vista os processos biológicos singulares, ao conceito de vulnerabilidade orgânica tomado como articulador das características definidoras de grupos biológicos específicos frente aos riscos diferenciais de adoecer e morrer por "causas" ou processos mórbidos particulares, riscos esses atrelados às próprias condições de classe. Caracterizando os determinantes últimos dessa carência em função do baixo nível de consumo do que se convencionou chamar de "bens fundamentais", a análise buscou apreender elementos da realidade paulistana capazes de fornecer subsídios para o estabelecimento de possíveis "níveis críticos de consumo", isto é, determinada condição de vida abaixo da qual os indivíduos, (no caso as gestantes adscritas a grupos sociais específicos) estariam inscritos em situações particulares, simultaneamente de naturezas orgânica e social, "determinantes" dos níveis de risco à doença carencial. Focalizou-se a trajetória existente entre as condições de normalidade e de anemia, em termos de processo cuja fase intermediária entre a doença e o estado de normalidade foi representada pela deficiência de ferro sem anemia, entendida como fase subclínica. Nesta, esses três momentos do processo foram analisados em função das condições sócio-econômicas do grupo considerado. Articulando categorias de renda consideradas, em função do processo de análise, como incompatíveis com as possibilidades objetivas de aquisição dos "bens fundamentais" definidos como míni-mos, pôde-se caracterizar determinada condição social e econômica a partir da qual a anemia ferropriva teria, por hipótese, maior probabilidade de incidência, considerados os vários processos em jogo, quer de natureza social, quer de natureza biológica. INTRODUÇÃOÉ sobejamente conhecida, a partir da literatura especializada, a grande prevalência da anemia carencial em todas as partes do mundo, notadamente em suas regiões mais pobres 9,12,20,26,27,33,42,45 . Embora em nosso meio não se disponha de dados sobre o país como um todo, estudos específicos têm revelado sua importância em termos de ...

OBJECTIVE:To assess risk factors for antepartum fetal deaths. METHODS:A population-based case-control study was carried out in the city of São Paulo from August 2000 to January 2001. Subjects were selected from a birth cohort from a linked birth and death certificate database. Cases were 164 antepartum fetal deaths and controls were drawn from a random sample of 313 births surviving at least 28 days. Information was collected from birth and death certificates, hospital records and home interviews. A hierarchical conceptual framework guided the logistic regression analysis. RESULTS:Statistically significant factors associated with antepartum fetal death were: mother without or recent marital union; mother's education under four years; mothers with previous low birth weight infant; mothers with hypertension, diabetes, bleeding during pregnancy; no or inadequate prenatal care; congenital malformation and intrauterine growth restriction. The highest population attributable fractions were for inadequacy of prenatal care (40%), hypertension (27%), intrauterine growth restriction (30%) and absence of a long-standing union (26%). CONCLUSIONS:Proximal biological risk factors are most important in antepartum fetal deaths. However, distal factors -mother's low education and marital status -are also significant. Improving access to and quality of prenatal care could have a large impact on fetal mortality. KEYWORDS