La proliferación de medios de comunicación y la expansión de Internet ha propiciado la aparición y utilización de narrativas transmedia. Su aplicación en la educación, conocida como educación transmedia, ha sido investigada principalmente en ámbitos educativos formales. No obstante, desde la perspectiva de la ecología del aprendizaje destaca la importancia de todos los ámbitos educativos. Este estudio tiene el objetivo de conocer los antecedentes de la literatura científica sobre el uso de las narrativas transmedia en la educación no formal a partir de una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica con el fin de identificar y analizar tanto los Objetos Educativos Transmedia (OET) como de los Procesos Educativos Transmedia (PET), que se llevan a cabo en este ámbito educativo. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura siguiendo las orientaciones PRISMA (Page et al, 2021) a partir de cinco fases: 1) Búsqueda, 2) Filtrado, 3) Elegibilidad, 4) Clasificación y 5) Revisión y análisis. Tales fases resultaron finalmente en la revisión y análisis cualitativo de 29 documentos. El estudio expone el escaso desarrollo de PET en el ámbito educativo no formal, los cuales son a menudo adaptados del ámbito formal sin especial atención a las características del ámbito no formal. Desde un punto de vista ecológico, se reflexiona que la educación transmedia posee propiedades para potenciar los PET y diversificar oportunidades de aprendizaje, participación e implicación de distintos colectivos propios del ámbito educativo no formal. Se pone de manifiesto el interés de realizar investigaciones y proyectos orientados a la práctica en un campo poco explorado, donde la adaptación de los materiales a un entorno transmedia podría favorecer avances en múltiples colectivos para promover su desarrollo e inclusión social.
Transmedia storytelling has the potential to be an effective approach for non-formal education. Previous research has suggested that there may be a reciprocal relationship between transmedia storytelling and the characteristics of non-formal learners. However, there is limited literature on how to structure and design educational processes using this approach in non-formal settings, and even less literature that integrates the perspectives of stakeholders on the necessary components for instructional design. To address this gap, a qualitative analysis of multiformat focus groups was conducted to describe the necessary items to be considered when developing transmedia educational process (TEP) in non-formal educational proposals when these are designed to families, children, and/or adolescents. Based on the findings, seven important levels were identified for instructional designing of TEPs: level of intentions (1), level of facilitators’ indications (2), level of participants’ needs (3), level of narrative integrations (4), level of elaboration and production (5), level of means and technological/physical support (6), and level of sharing willingness (7). The study discusses the importance to consider multiple perspectives, including those of facilitators, children and adolescents, and parents, when designing TEPs. Additionally, it is important to use a variety of media platforms, formats, and channels to engage diverse and heterogeneous groups of participants in non-formal educational settings. Further research could focus on developing and validating tools and strategies to guide instructional design in these types of educational processes.
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