SUMMARYElectrostatically charged rotary atomisers deposited greater amounts of pesticides on wheat plants than did a conventional hydraulic sprayer and improved the effectiveness of pirimicarb against aphids, benomyl against eyespot, and dimethoate against wheat bulb fly. Although deposits of triadimefon on barley plants were increased (and soil residues decreased) by the use of the electrostatic sprayer, mildew control was about equivalent to that obtained with the hydraulic sprayer. Similar amounts of herbicide were deposited, and similar biological effects obtained, when electrostatic or hydraulic sprayers were used to control Amsinckia intermedia in winter barley.

Management of neuropathic bladder aims to maintain renal function and to secure appliance-free continence; because of recent advances, both objectives are theoretically attainable. Our present scheme of management, based upon preliminary video-urodynamic assessment, is outlined. In the years 1984-1988 we treated 156 children suffering from neuropathic bladder. In 5 per cent of cases the upper renal tracts have deteriorated on treatment; in patients presenting with upper tract dilatation, improvement has been obtained in 68 per cent. A quarter of the patients were considered too generally disabled to achieve appliance-free continence; these have been managed by penile appliance, indwelling urethral catheter or, occasionally, urinary diversion. For three-quarters of the patients, most ambulant, appliance-free continence was the goal; 68 per cent have been managed nonsurgically and 32 per cent surgically. Reliable day-time continence has been achieved in 78 per cent of the former and 86 per cent of the latter, 80 per cent overall.