To synthesize ethyl‐oleate ester, a complex Ca‐alginate gel co‐entrapped system was prepared. The gel beads contained two kinds of biocatalysts (living yeast cells and a lipase enzyme) and various amounts of glucose (100–400 g/L). These alginate beads dispersed directly in pure oleic acid. To follow the bioconversion of the cell growth, the glucose uptake of yeast cells, the concentration of ethanol inside the gel beads and the ethyl‐oleate concentration in oleic acid phase was monitored. The glucose was quantitatively taken up by yeast cells during 24–72 h, depending on the concentration of glucose. After this 24–72‐hour period, the glucose uptake was stopped. In accordance with changes in glucose concentration, the concentration of ethanol and ethyl‐oleate increased rapidly during the first day of fermentation and thereafter slowed down. It is supposed that the inhibitory effect of produced ethanol would be resolved by co‐immobilization of lipase in the same gel particles. Using lipase, one is able to transform ethanol to ethyl‐oleate, which is soluble in oleic acid. According to the data obtained a minimum of 4 U/mL lipase is required to increase ethyl‐oleate production significantly. Summing up it can be concluded that by means of this system a maximum yield of ethanol and ethyl‐oleate was achieved when gel beads containing 100 g/L glucose and 4 U/mL lipase enzyme were used.

Schumpeter's one-hundred-year-old modernised theory of economic development is once again having a renaissance. The main factors of this are innovation and capital, which Porter expanded using further factors. In this report the following six countries were examined: Montenegro, Serbia, Russia, the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary. Between 2007 and 2017, the roles that technological innovation, human factors and higher education played were examined. Indices used in the analysis were expanded using factors added to Schumpeter's theory by Porter, viz., economic growth, the development of the information technology sector, higher education, productivity and innovation, and they give an overview of the modern innovation theories. Due to the objectiveness of statistical indicators, it was these which were predominantly included in the report. The aim of the study was to examine will a given country be likely to have an economic development if the country makes the most of the opportunities that innovation and higher education present.JEL classification: I25, O11, O30, O47, R11

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The first computers were made as early as in the 20th century, but the rapid development of digitalisation took place in the 21st century. Nowadays, Industry 4.0 has created a network connection between man and machines. Without computers and the Internet, the world is unthinkable. Digitalisation is pervading every part of our lives. Whether at work or in our leisure activities, digitalisation and the use of digital tools are present. The digital revolution was started by computers and is now an indispensable our lives, for example with the internet, mobile phones, cloud solutions and self-driving cars. It's no coincidence that digital competence is no longer an expectation, but an obligation for employers and employees alike. Several studies have undertaken to define digital skills; however, we can talk about a rather complex competence. The current study examines the question in the dimension of the European Union from a multitude of aspects. The authors use the DESI index and EU statistics on this topic to find correlations between digital potential, use of tools and the exploitation of opportunities offered by digitalisation in thirteen countries. The authors primarily examined the impact of the level of digital infrastructure and the frequency of Internet use on digital skills. It is outlined from statistics that Scandinavian countries have a leading role in the digital competition. Nevertheless, our results throw light on the individual level that digital skills forcefully improve during browsing on the internet, and practical activities have a significant role in development, which the authors named PMP.