One of the most important quality parameters of a fat, is its solid fat content (SFC). The standard method to determine the SFC is pNMR using a f‐factor. This factor is determined with three standards. However, this contribution shows that SFC standards are not required when using deconvolution methods. At first, data acquisition is optimized. These experiments revealed that the deconvolution method worked better, if more sample is present in the detection zone of the NMR, due to a higher signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). Regarding deconvolution, a bi‐Gaussian model and a model combining a Gaussian and Abragamian function are compared. Both models are able to fit the free induction decay (FID) data. Furthermore, the corresponding SFC values are comparable with the SFC values of the f‐factor method when analyzing SFC standards or fats which are preprocessed using the AOCS tempering protocol. Upon evaluating the influence of the polymorphic states of cocoa butter, it became clear that the f‐factor standards resemble fats containing α‐polymorphs. As a further consequence, the f‐factor method fails when β‐polymorphs are present to a large extent. Overall this study shows that the deconvolution method is superior to the f‐factor method since it does not require any standards and is less affected by the polymorphic state.
Practical Applications: This work shows that the solid fat content (SFC) of a fat can be calculated without the use of calibration standards. If deconvolution would replace the standard used pNMR method, it could potentially reduce the preparation time for the measurements, because no calibration is necessary. Next to this, it also lowers the cost of SFC determination, because no standards should be bought. Deconvolution also gives insight in the behavior of the different components present in the sample, for example, T2‐values. There above, research toward deconvolution of pNMR signals is necessary as it could potentially also determine the presence of different fat crystal polymorphs present in samples.
One of the most important quality parameters of a fat, is its solid fat content (SFC). The standard method to determine the SFC is pNMR using a f‐factor. However, this contribution shows that SFC standards are not requires when using deconvolution methods. At first, data acquisition is optimized. These experiments revealed that the deconvolution method worked better, if more sample is present in the detection zone of the NMR, due to a higher signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). Regarding deconvolution, a bi‐Gaussian model and a model combining a Gaussian and Abragamian function are compared. Both models are able to fit the free induction decay (FID) data.
Water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) double emulsions are a promising technology for encapsulation applications of water soluble compounds with respect to functional food systems. Yet molecular transport through the oil phase is a well‐known problem for liquid oil‐based double emulsions. The influence of network crystallization in the oil phase of W/O/W globules was evaluated by NMR and laser light scattering experiments on both a liquid oil‐based double emulsion and a solid fat‐based double emulsion. Water transport was assessed by low‐resolution NMR diffusometry and by an osmotically induced swelling or shrinking experiment, whereas manganese ion permeation was followed by means of T2‐relaxometry. The solid fat‐based W/O/W globules contained a crystal network with about 80% solid fat. This W/O/W emulsion showed a reduced molecular water exchange and a slower manganese ion influx in the considered time frame, whereas its globule size remained stable under the applied osmotic gradients. The reduced permeability of the oil phase is assumed to be caused by the increased tortuosity of the diffusive path imposed by the crystal network. This solid network also provided mechanical strength to the W/O/W globules to counteract the applied osmotic forces.
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