Dental X-ray segmentation uses different image processing (IP) methods helpful in diagnosing medical applications, clinical purposes & in real-time. These methods aim to define the segmentation of various tooth structures in dental X-rays which are utilized to identify caries, tooth fractures, treatment of root canals, periodontal diseases, etc. The manual segmentation of Dental X-ray images for medical diagnosis is very complex and time-consuming from broad clinical databases. Orchard & Bouman is a color quantization approach used to evaluate a successful cluster division using an eigenvector of a color covariance matrix. It is repeated until the number of target clusters is reached. It is optimal for large clusters with Gaussian distributions to integrate different types of information on probabilism and spatial constraint by iteratively upgrading the later probability of the proposed model. Results of segmentation are achieved when iteration converges. Testing the proposed model's effectiveness will involve texture, distance sensing, and nature images. Experimental results show that our model achieves a higher segmentation precision with approximately 78.98 PSNR than MRF models based on pixels or regions.

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Penile cancer is rare. Squamous cell cancer usually starts on glans or coronal sulcus as a nodule, foul smelly ulcer or cauliflower like mass, which invades corpora cavernosa as it progresses sparing the urethra until late in the course of the disease.We report a case of 32-year-old male with squamous cell carcinoma of penis in the form of ulcer involving shaft of penis at the base with surrounding inguinoscrotal region managed with en-mass wide local excision of the malignant ulcer taking 1 cm margin from all sides with total penectomy with partial left scrotal skin excision with left orchidectomy with perineal urethrostomy with local scrotal advancement flap reconstruction with bilateral superficial inguinal lymphnode biopsy. Post op period was satisfactory. At discharge, flap was healthy with well-functioning perineal urethrostomy. Patienthad received 6 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy.Ca penis can be present in any rare form and hence early diagnosis and timely management is the key.

Schwannoma is a tumor of soft tissue, originating from Schwann cells which rarely appears in the retroperitoneal region. Retroperitoneal ancient schwannomas are rare tumors, more usually found in the head, neck and flexor surfaces of the extremities. Ancient schwannomas are a subtype of classic schwannoma with a predominance of degenerative changes like calcifications, hemosiderin deposition, interstitial fibrosis, vascular hyaline degeneration. We report a case of 60 years old female with complaints of vague pain in upper abdomen with discomfort since 6 months. Following imaging studies, retroperitoneal mass was found. The patient underwent surgery and excision of mass was done. Histopathological examination showed degenerative changes which was consistent with ancient schwannoma. No evidence of recurrence appeared during follow up period.

Human emotion prediction is a tough task. The human face is extremely complex to understand. To build an optimal solution for human emotion prediction model, setting hyper-parameter plays a major role. It is a difficult task to train a neural network. The poor performance of the model can result from poor judgment of sub-optimal hyper- parameters before training the model. This study aims to compare different hyper-parameters and their effect to train the convolutional neural network for emotion detection. We used different methods based on values of validation accuracy and validation loss. The study reveals that SELU activation function performs better in terms of validation accuracy. Swish activation function maintains a good balance between validation accuracy and validation loss. As different combinations of parameters behave differently likewise in optimizers, RMS prop gives less validation loss with Swish whereas Adam performs better with ReLU and ELU activation function.