No abstract

Pakistan is the world largest lignite bearing country in the world due to the Thar coal reserves. Sulfur contained in this coal need to be removed prior to combustion. Oxidative alkali leaching in dissolved oxygen technique was used to remove the sulfur from Thar coal. This method removed enough all three types of sulfur; about 90% pyretic sulfur, 78% organic sulfur and 50% sulfate sulfur and more than 82S% of total sulfur removal was achieved. Effect of various reaction parameters were observed, it was investigated that reaction time and partial pressure of oxygen has positive effect on the desulfurization, higher the reaction time and oxygen partial pressure higher the degree of desulfurization, also the desulfurization increased with increase in reaction temperature and alkali concentration till some optimum value and then decreases with further increase in value of temperature and concentration of alkali, although desulfurization was observed maximum with minimum particle size. Coal was also characterized with Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Testo smoke number to investigate the combustion behavior of processed coal. It was observed that combustion properties of processed coal were improved and black smoke in processed coal was reduced.

Poultry industry is one of the important growing poultry Industry of Pakistan, the pollution produced due to this causing serious environmental threats such as aquatic life disturbance, air, water and land pollution, pathogen contamination, bad odor, soil contamination and ammonia evaporation. This research study deals with utilization of poultry manure (PM) and buffalo dung (BD) for methane generation and enhance the generation through optimization of substrate mixing ratio and observe the effect of mesophillic condition on methane generation. The PM and BD were biochemically treated by anaerobic digestion. The mixing of P.M and B.D were carried out in ratio 3/1, 1/3 and 1/1 in 500 ml glass bottles acting as bio-reactor. The PM and BD alone were also used in different bioreactor. All the digesters have retention time of 65 days and operated at temperature of 37oC. Each digester distilled water and substrates were used in 1:1 ratio. All the digesters were operated by batch wise process. The generation of biogas from experimental work was maximum from 1:3 of P.M and B.D yield 561 Nml/gm.vs. The methane generation was also maximum in digester containing one part of P.M and three part of buffalo dung the methane generation was also maximum 66 %containing 32 % carbon dioxide. From this study we conclude that biochemical treatment of substrates mixed together in different ratios produces large quantity, quality, higher biodegradability and effective volatile solid removal from substrate.