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Many factors are taken into consideration when students apply to pursue medicine in the United Kingdom. For overseas applicants, the tuition fees of the medical course are a significant factor, particularly for those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. The reasons why the fees in some medical schools are significantly higher than in others are unclear. Transparency on the use of the tuition fees as well as providing overseas medical students, which now include European students post-Brexit, with more financial support in their studies would be imperative. This is to ensure students are able to choose their medical schools based on more important factors such as the student-curriculum fit.

Despite the optimal treatment given to children with medulloblastoma, many relapses are seen after combining treatments. Re-irradiation is part of salvage therapy for children who relapse and might provide long-term disease control. Nevertheless, it is challenging because there is a concern about exceeding radiation tolerances and late treatment toxicities. Re-irradiation is an option for many brain tumors, including medulloblastoma in children. This study presents a case of recurrent medulloblastoma treated with re-irradiation. A systematic review of the literature provided up-to-date data on the re-irradiation of medulloblastoma in children. This study aims to contribute to the scarce literature on the treatment strategy, which may help improve patients' outcomes.

Aim Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is a challenging procedure with peri-operative complications. Robotic surgery offers improved dexterity, visibility, and accessibility. Recently, many centres have reported improved clinical outcomes for robotic PD. We reviewed the safety and efficacy of robotic PD in comparison to open PD using ‘Therapeutic Index’ (TI). Method A systematic review of the literature was conducted in various databases. Articles published between January 2010 and March 2021 reporting totally-robotic and open PD were included, according to PRISMA guidelines. The Cochrane tool was used for risk of bias assessment. We compared 30-day mortality rates (MR30), lymphadenectomy rates (LR), R0 resection rates (R0RR) and therapeutic index (TI). STATA 16.1 was used for statistical analysis. Results The four studies that met inclusion criteria included 5090 PDs, out of which 617 were totally robotic (RPD) and 4473 were open (OPD). Variance ratio tests demonstrated a) Higher TI for RPD versus OPD (1807.42 vs 1723.37, p=0.86), b) Significantly smaller MR30 (2.50 vs 19.00, p=0.0004), c) Significantly lower R0RR (130.50 vs 939.25, p=0.00) and d) No significant difference in LR between RPD and OPD (35.63 vs 38.25, p=0.81). Meta-regression analysis showed a significantly higher TI coefficient of RPD than OPD (0.66 vs -0.40, p=0.08, α=0.1). Conclusions Our study suggests that robotic PD is safe and not inferior to open PD and our analysis RPD demonstrated a higher therapeutic index than OPD. Randomised controlled trials are required to establish the efficacy of robotic PD. Also, standardisation of reporting mortality, survival and oncological outcomes is needed for the effective calculation of TI.

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