No abstract

<p><span>Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) shows great potential for earth-</span><br><span>sciences applications, notably in landslide surface monitoring at high spatio-</span><br><span>temporal</span> <span>resolution</span> <span>[1]</span> <span>with</span> <span>meteorological</span> <span>robustness</span> <span>[2].</span> <span>Ten</span> <span>865MHz</span><br><span>RFID</span> <span>tags</span> <span>were</span> <span>deployed</span> <span>on</span> <span>part</span> <span>of</span> <span>a</span> <span>landslide</span> <span>and</span> <span>continuously</span> <span>moni-</span><br><span>tored for 8 months by a station composed of 4 reader antennas.</span> <span>2D rela-</span><br><span>tive localization was performed using a Phase-of-Arrival approach [3], and</span><br><span>compared with optical reference measurements.</span> <span>The centimeter-scale ac-</span><br><span>curacy of this technique was confirmed theoretically by developing a mea-</span><br><span>surement model that includes multipath interference and system sensitiv-</span><br><span>ity kernel.</span> <span>Although horizontal localization shows promising results, ver-</span><br><span>tical displacement monitoring presents intrinsic error sources that greatly</span><br><span>decrease accuracy in this direction.</span> <span>This study confirms that 2D landslide</span><br><span>displacement tracking is feasible at relatively low station and maintenance</span><br><span>cost (Charlety</span> <span>et</span> <span>al.</span><span>,2021, submitted).</span></p><p><br><span>References</span></p><p><br><span>[1]</span> <span>M. Le Breton, L. Baillet, E. Larose, E. Rey, P. Benech, D. Jongmans, F. Guy-</span><br><span>oton, and M. Jaboyedoff, “Passive radio-frequency identification ranging, a</span><br><span>dense and weather-robust technique for landslide displacement monitoring,”</span><br><span>Engineering</span> <span>geology</span><span>, vol. 250, pp. 1–10, 2019.</span><br><span>[2]</span> <span>M.</span> <span>Le</span> <span>Breton,</span> <span>L.</span> <span>Baillet,</span> <span>E.</span> <span>Larose,</span> <span>E.</span> <span>Rey,</span> <span>P.</span> <span>Benech,</span> <span>D.</span> <span>Jongmans,</span> <span>and</span><br><span>F.</span> <span>Guyoton,</span> <span>“Outdoor</span> <span>uhf</span> <span>rfid:</span> <span>Phase</span> <span>stabilization</span> <span>for</span> <span>real-world</span> <span>appli-</span><br><span>cations,”</span> <span>IEEE</span> <span>Journal</span> <span>of</span> <span>Radio</span> <span>Frequency</span> <span>Identification</span><span>,</span> <span>vol.</span> <span>1,</span> <span>no.</span> <span>4,</span><br><span>pp. 279–290, 2017</span></p>

Passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) was recently used to monitor landslide displacement at a high spatio-temporal resolution but only measured 1D displacement. This study demonstrates the tracking of 2D displacements, using an array of antennas connected to an RFID interrogator. Ten tags were deployed on a landslide for 12 months and 2D relative localization was performed using a phase-of-arrival approach. A period of landslide activity was monitored through RFID and displacements were confirmed by reference measurements. The tags showed displacements of up to 1.2 m over the monitored period. The centimeter-scale accuracy of the technique was confirmed experimentally and theoretically for horizontal localization by developing a measurement model that included antenna and tag positions, as well as multipath interference. This study confirms that 2D landslide displacement tracking with RFID is feasible at relatively low instrumental and maintenance cost.