Author summaryHere, we describe the development of the MosqTent, an innovative double-chamber mosquito trap in which a human being attracts mosquitoes while is protected from being bitten within the inner chamber of the trap, while mosquitoes are lured to enter an outer chamber where they are trapped. The MosqTent previously collected an average of 3,000 anophelines/man-hour compared to 240 anophelines/man-hour for the human landing catch (HLC), thereby providing high numbers of human host–seeking mosquitoes while protecting the collector from mosquito bites. The MosqTent performed well by collecting a high number of specimens of Anopheles marajoara, a local vector and anthropophilic mosquito species present in high density, but not so well in collecting An. darlingi, an anthropophilic mosquito species considered the main vector in Brazil but is present in low-density conditions in the area. The HLC showed a higher efficiency in collecting An. darlingi in these low-density conditions. The MosqTent is light (<1 kg), portable (comes as a bag with two handles), flexible (can be used with other attractants), adaptable (can be deployed in a variety of environmental settings and weather conditions), and it can be used in the intra-, peri-, and in the extradomicile. Also, the MosqTent collected similar portions of parous females and anthropophilic mosquito species and collects specimens suitable for downstream analysis. Further developments may include testing for other fabric colors, different mesh sizes and dimensions for other hematophagous insects and conditions, additional chemical mosquito attractants, and even the replacement of the human attractant in favor of other attractants. MosqTent modifications that would allow the trap to be applied as a vector control tool with killing action could also be explored.
Currently, sticky traps are regularly employed to assist in the surveillance of Aedes aegypti infestation. We tested two alternative procedures for specimen identification performed by local health agents: directly in the field, as recommended by certain manufacturers, or after transportation to the laboratory. A total of 384 sticky traps (MosquiTRAP) were monitored monthly during one year in four geographically representative Brazilian municipalities. When the same samples were inspected in the field and in the laboratory, large differences were noted in the total number of mosquitoes recorded and in the number of specimens identified as Ae. aegypti by both procedures. Although field identification has the potential to speed vector surveillance, these results point to uncertainties in the evaluated protocol.
Ao longo do último século, o desenvolvimento de modelos se mostrou uma importante ferramenta para a pesquisa e o ensino de ecologia. Entretanto, o tipo de problema biológico passível de ser modelado depende da estrutura do modelo adotado. Nesse trabalho modelos baseados em indivíduos e orientados a padrões são apresentados como uma estratégia alternativa para a modelagem ecológica. Essa estratégia computacional permite representar explicitamente a variabilidade entre indivíduos de uma população, além de aproveitar informações obtidas em diferentes níveis hierárquicos do sistema de estudo. Assim, é possível modelar questões antes desconsideradas devido às premissas de homogeneidade ou à falta de estimativas confiáveis para a parametrização do modelo. A partir de três exemplos é demonstrado como essa estratégia se insere na pesquisa ecológica atual, expandindo o universo de problemas ecológicos a serem modelados e reaproximando a pesquisa teórica e empírica. Palavras-chave: Modelagem orientada a padrões; modelos baseados em indivíduos; modelagem ecológica; níveis hierárquicos de organização.
In search of insights for general rules about the host-symbiont-pathogen interacion, a review on the ecology of the interaction between hermatypic corals (Cnidaria: Scleractinia) and their symbiotic zooxanthellae (photosynthetic dinoflagellates, Symbiodinium) is done. In the last three decades a global decline on coral reef barriers has been observed and this has been atributed to, among other causes, two processes that directly interferes in the coral-zooxanthellae interaction: 'coral bleaching' and epidemics. Bleaching events are characterized by a sudden loss of zooxanthellae, making corals calcareous skeleton visible and possibly leading to a mass mortality on coral colonies. Although it is not possible to establish causal relations, the intensities of epidemics and bleaching events are correlated, indicating that the symbiosis is a protective factor on coral's health. Among the insights for human epidemiology are: the recurrent evoltuion of pathogens and the interference of symbionts on the host-pathogen interaction, either by direct competition exclusion or by an indirect effect on host's enegy budget RESUMO ESTABILIDADE DE SIMBIOSES, PATÓGENOS E SAÚDE DE CORAIS RECIFAIS: PERSPECTIVAS PARA A ECOLOGIA DO CORPO HUMANO.Nesse artigo é feita uma revisão sobre a ecologia da interação entre corais hermatípicos (Cnidaria: Scleractinia) e zooxantelas (dinoflagelados fotossintetizantes, gênero Symbiodinium) com foco em perspectivas que possam ser aplicadas à dinâmica de transmissão de patógenos em humanos. Nos últimos 30 anos, observa-se um declíno global na abrangência dos recifes de corais e, entre outras causas, estão a intensificação de dois processos que interferem na relação coral-zooxantela: 'coral bleaching' e epidemias. Eventos de 'coral bleaching' são caracterizados pelo clareamento súbito dos corais, devido ao demembramento da interação entre coras e zooxantelas, podendo levar a mortalidade em massa de colônias de corais. Apesar de ainda não ser possível estabelecer relações de causalidade, existe uma correlação entre a intensificação de surtos epidêmicos e eventos de 'bleaching', indicando que a simbiose com zooxantelas é um fator protetor à saúde dos corais. Entre as perspectivas a serem avaliadas na epidemiologia estão: a evolução recorrente de patógenos e a interferência de simbiontes na relação patógeno-hospedeiro, tanto via exclusão competitiva ou um efeito indireto no orçamento energético do hospedeiro. Palavras-chave: Microbiota humana;Scleractinia; Symbiodinium; simbiontes; patógenos. RESUMENESTABILIDAD DE SIMBIOSES, PATOGENS Y SALUD EN CORALES: CONCEPTOS PARA LA EGOLOGÍA DEL CUERPO HUMANO. En este articulo, se realizó una revisión sobre la ecología de la SYMBIOSIS STABILITY, PATHOGENS AND HEALTH OF REEF-BUILDING CORALS 785 Oecol. Aust., 14(3): 784-795, 2010
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