Maternal TB is associated with increased MTCT of HIV. Prevention of TB among HIV-infected mothers should be a high priority for communities with significant HIV/TB burden.

Background. The International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Network (IMPAACT) P1060 study demonstrated short-term superiority of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) over nevirapine (NVP) in antiretroviral therapy (ART), regardless of prior NVP exposure. However, NVP-based ART had a marginal benefit in CD4 percentage (CD4%) and growth. We compared 5-year outcomes from this clinical trial.Methods. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected, ART-eligible children were enrolled into 2 cohorts based on prior NVP exposure and randomized to NVP-or LPV/r-based ART. The data safety monitoring board recommended unblinding results in both cohorts due to superiority of LPV/r for the primary endpoint: stopping randomized treatment, virologic failure (VF), or death by 6 months. Participants were offered a switch in regimens (if on NVP) and continued observational follow-up. We compared time to VF or death, death, and CD4% and growth changes using intention-to-treat analyses. Additionally, inverse probability weights were used to account for treatment switching and censoring.Results. As of September 2014, 329 of the 451 (73%) enrolled participants were still in follow-up (median, 5.3 years; interquartile range [IQR], 4.3-6.4), with 52% on NVP and 88% on LPV/r as originally randomized. NVP arm participants had significantly higher risk of VF or death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37-2.65) but not death alone (aHR, 1.65; 95% CI, .72-3.76) compared with participants randomized to LPV/r. Mean CD4% was significantly higher in the NVP arm up to 1 year after ART initiation, but not beyond. Mean weight-for-age z scores were marginally higher in the NVP arm, but height-for-age z scores did not differ. Similar trends were observed in sensitivity analyses.Conclusions. These findings support the current World Health Organization recommendation of LPV/r in first-line ART regimens for HIV-infected children.Clinical Trials Registration. NCT00307151.

Maternal TB is associated with increased MTCT of HIV. Prevention of TB among HIV-infected mothers should be a high priority for communities with significant HIV/TB burden.

Despite an estimated 70,000 Indian children living with HIV infection, little is known about India's pediatric HIV epidemic. Generalizations about epidemiology, natural history, and treatment outcomes from other resource-limited settings (RLS) may be inaccurate for several biologic and social reasons. A review of the Indian literature is needed to optimize country-specific HIV management and examine these generalizations. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for articles published in English by November 2007 on HIV-infected, Indian children (0-18 years) that detailed epidemiology, natural history, or treatment. Articles with original, extractable data were selected and summarized using descriptive statistics. Of 370 citations, 58 studies were included in this review (median study size 24 children). Significant heterogeneity was noted among the studies. HIV infection was reported nearly twice as often in males (male/female ratio 1.9) and diagnosed earlier (4.7 years) than in other RLS. Over 2% of hospitalized children were reported to be HIV-infected. The reported mortality among HIV-infected newborns of 22% at 18 months was lower than other RLS. Improved anthropometrics were the only consistently reported and comparable benefit of short-term HAART to other RLS. Review of the Indian literature yielded potentially unique epidemiology and natural history compared to other RLS. However, important questions about the accuracy and representativeness of the Indian data limit its generalizability and comparability. Targeted interventions to curb India's pediatric HIV epidemic require urgent clarification of these findings. If such differences truly exist, management guidelines should be tailored accordingly.

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