An overview about corn culture in Brazil is presented and a biorefinery concept based on this crop is proposed in light of the International Energy Agency (IEA) policies. The biorefinery proposal comprises 3 platforms and 6 products based on one feedstock, the corn grain. A flowchart was designed and the biorefinery complexity index (BCI) was calculated based on IEA TASK 42. The focus was the corn oil platform which produces tocopherols, an important feedstock for vitamin E, a high added value product compared to the others. The waste material was directed to animal feed and biogas. Biodiesel, glycerin and bioethanol are the other important products obtained from this corn grain biorefinery.
ResumoA oxidação preferencial do CO (PROX) é o método mais adequado para a purificação de fluxos gasosos ricos em H 2 . Catalisadores de CuO/CeO 2 têm sido desenvolvidos e apresentados como uma alternativa bastante promissora para a reação de oxidação preferencial do CO-PROX-CO. O objetivo deste trabalho é sintetizar catalisadores cerâmicos a base de CuO/CeO 2 por meio do método de síntese Pechini, caracterizar e analisar as suas estruturas e avaliar a performance catalítica destes materiais aplicados na reação de PROX-CO. Foram desenvolvidas duas amostras de catalisadores cerâmicos à base CuO/CeO 2 , uma contendo 0,1 mol de CuO e outra contendo 0,5 mol do mesmo óxido. De acordo com os resultados, ambas as amostras sintetizadas mostraram-se aptas a serem utilizadas em processos de conversão de CO para CO 2 . No entanto, a amostra que continha 0,1 mol de CuO mostrou-se mais ativa cataliticamente do que a amostra que continha 0,5 mol da mesma espécie ativa catalítica. Palavras-chave: catalisadores, CuO/CeO 2 , método Pechini, Prox-CO. AbstractThe preferential oxidation of CO (PROX) is the most suitable method for the purification of gas streams rich in H 2 . CuO/CeO 2 catalysts have been developed and presented as a promising alternative for the preferential oxidation reaction of CO -CO-PROX. The aim this work is to synthesize CuO/CeO 2 ceramic catalysts by means of the synthesis Pechini's method, characterization and analysis the structures and evaluation of the performance of these materials used in catalytic reaction of CO-PROX. Two samples ceramic catalysts based on CuO/CeO 2 were synthesized, the first containing 0.1 mol of CuO and the second containing 0.5 mol of CuO. According to the results, both synthesized samples were ready to be used in a process of converting CO to CO 2 . However, the sample containing 0.1 mol of CuO was more active than the catalyst sample containing 0.5 mol of the same active species.
To engender a simulation of the integrated Ammonia - Urea process, a literature review was carried out about these industrial processes, focusing on extracting information from the literature, such as the types of processes and their description, thermo-physical-chemical properties, and thermodynamic and kinetic models related to the process. Furthermore, research was carried out on thermodynamic models for NH3-CO2-H2O systems, capable of describing an integrated Ammonia-Urea plant.
Resumo: Compostos carbonílicos podem estar presentes em cervejas artesanais, sendo provenientes do processo de fermentação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e quantificar esses compostos em diferentes tipos de cervejas artesanais utilizando HPLC-DAD. As amostras foram derivatizadas com solução de 2,4-DNPH, em meio ácido. Após, as amostras foram injetadas no sistema cromatográfico. A cerveja clara tipo pilsen apresentou a maior concentração total de compostos carbonílicos (13,72 mg L-1). O aceltaldeído foi o C.C que apresentou as maiores concentrações (até 7,60 mg L-1) nas amostras analisadas. Torna-se necessário um acompanhamento da concentração destas substâncias na bebida devido aos aspectos toxicológicos associados à ingestão dos mesmos em bebidas alcoólicas.
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