Individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) suffer from motor and mental disturbances due to degeneration of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neuronal systems. Although they provide temporary symptom relief, current treatments fail to control motor and non-motor alterations or to arrest disease progression. Aiming to explore safety and possible motor and neuropsychological benefits of a novel strategy to improve the PD condition, a case series study was designed for brain grafting of human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to a group of eight patients with moderate PD. A NPC line, expressing Oct-4 and Sox-2, was manufactured and characterized. Using stereotactic surgery, NPC suspensions were bilaterally injected into patients’ dorsal putamina. Cyclosporine A was given for 10 days prior to surgery and continued for 1 month thereafter. Neurological, neuropsychological, and brain imaging evaluations were performed pre-operatively, 1, 2, and 4 years post-surgery. Seven of eight patients have completed 4-year follow-up. The procedure proved to be safe, with no immune responses against the transplant, and no adverse effects. One year after cell grafting, all but one of the seven patients completing the study showed various degrees of motor improvement, and five of them showed better response to medication. PET imaging showed a trend toward enhanced midbrain dopaminergic activity. By their 4-year evaluation, improvements somewhat decreased but remained better than at baseline. Neuropsychological changes were minor, if at all. The intervention appears to be safe. At 4 years post-transplantation we report that undifferentiated NPCs can be delivered safely by stereotaxis to both putamina of patients with PD without causing adverse effects. In 6/7 patients in OFF condition improvement in UPDRS III was observed. PET functional scans suggest enhanced putaminal dopaminergic neurotransmission that could correlate with improved motor function, and better response to L-DOPA. Patients’ neuropsychological scores were unaffected by grafting. Trial Registration: Fetal derived stem cells for Parkinson’s disease https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN39104513Reg#ISRCTN39104513

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in epilepsy is an in vivo technique that allows the localization of a possible seizure onset zone (SOZ) during the interictal period. Stereo-electro-encephalography (SEEG) is the gold standard to define the SOZ. The objective of this research was to evaluate the accuracy of PET imaging in localizing the site of SOZ compared with SEEG. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Seven patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (Ep) and 2 healthy controls (HC) underwent 2 PET scans, one with 2-[¹⁸F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) and another with 2’-[¹⁸F]fluoroflumazenil (FFMZ), acquired 1 day apart. FDG was acquired for 10 min (static scan) 1 h after administration. An FFMZ scan was acquired for 60 min from radiopharmaceutical administration in a dynamic mode. Each brain PET image was segmented using a standard template implemented in PMOD 3.8. The pons was used as the reference region for modeling of the nondisplaceable binding potential (BP_ND)for FFMZ, and to obtain uptake ratios for FDG. SEEG studies of patients were performed as a part of their surgical evaluation to define the SOZ. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Well-defined differences between HC and Ep were found with both radiopharmaceuticals, showing the utility to identify abnormal brain regions using quantitative PET imaging. Lateralization of the SOZ findings by PET (lower uptake/binding in a specific brain hemisphere) matched in 86% for FFMZ and 71% for FDG with SEEG data. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Quantitative PET imaging is an excellent complementary tool that matches reasonably well with SEEG to define SOZ in presurgical evaluation.

Objective: The aim of this work was to study mechanisms of action of electrical stimulation of prelemniscal radiations (Raprl) in the treatment of Parkinson disease, using 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (¹⁸F-FDG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET/CT). Materialand Methods: Five patients with PD and predominant unilateral tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia underwent deep brain stimulation (DBS) in contralateral Raprl that improved symptoms from 82.4 to 94.5%. ¹⁸F-FDG PET studies were performed before electrode implantation and after DBS therapy. Changes in metabolic activity in PET were evaluated by the maximal standardized uptake value (MSUV) and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) for regions of interest (ROIs) ipsilateral and contralateral to the stimulation site. ROIs were derived from a preoperative probabilistic tractography and included primary motor, supplementary motor and orbitofrontal cortices: Raprl, ventrolateral thalamus, putamen and cerebellum. Results: No significant MSUV changes occurred in ROIs contralateral to Raprl-DBS. In contrast, MSUV decreased ipsilateral to DBS in Raprl, the thalamus, and the primary and supplementary motor cortices. SPM analysis showed metabolic changes which were significantly different after DBS therapy in all ROIs ipsilateral to DBS compared to those in the contralateral side. Conclusion: Raprl-DBS decreases the metabolic activity of areas anatomically related to its fiber composition. Improvement of symptoms may result from a decrease in pathological overactivity of circuits related to the ROIs.

Dopaminergic PET imaging is a useful tool to assess the dopaminergic integrity and to follow-up longitudinal studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of different reference tissue-based methods to determine the non-displaceable binding potential (BP ) as a quantitative measure of C-DTBZ binding to the VMAT2 in rat striatum using cerebellum as reference region. Eight healthy Wistar rats underwent two microPET scans at the age of 12 (test) and 20 weeks (retest). BP was determined using the simplified reference tissue model, Logan reference tissue model, and multilinear reference tissue models (MRTMo and MRTM2). Additionally, a striatal-to-cerebellar-ratio (SCR) analysis was performed. The reproducibility between the two scans was assessed using the interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the variability index. Repeatability indices showed acceptable ICC = 0.66 (SCR) to excellent ICC = 0.98 (MRTM2) reliability for this study and a variability ranging from 12.26% (SCR) to 3.28% (MRTM2). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on longitudinal studies for C-DTBZ in rats using reference tissue methods. Excellent intersubject and intrasubject reproducibility was obtained with the multilinear reference MRTM2, suggesting this as the best method to compare longitudinal studies, whereas the SCR method had poor reliability. Logan method, however, is a method simple to compute that shows accurate reproducibility with a reasonable level of inter- and intra-subject variability allowing crossover studies to follow-up the uptake of C-DTBZ in rat striatum.

Animal models of Parkinson's disease are useful to evaluate new treatments and to elucidate the etiology of the disease. Hence, it is necessary to have methods that allow quantification of their effectiveness. [ 18 F]FDOPA-PET (FDOPA-PET) imaging is outstanding for this purpose because of its capacity to measure changes in the dopaminergic pathway noninvasively and in vivo. Nevertheless, PET acquisition and quantification is time-consuming making it necessary to find faster ways to quantify FDOPA-PET data. This study evaluated Male Wistar rats by FDOPA, before and after being partially injured with 6-OHDA unilaterally. MicroPET scans with a duration of 120 min were acquired and Patlak reference plots were created to estimate the influx constant K c in the striatum using the full dynamic scan data. Additionally, simple striatal-to-cerebral ratios (SCR) of short static acquisitions were computed and compared with the K c values. Good correlation (r > 0.70) was obtained between K c and SCR, acquired between 80-120 min after FDOPA administration with frames of 10 or 20 min and both methods were able to separate the FDOPA-uptake of healthy controls from that of the PD model (SCR −28%, K c −71%). The present study concludes that K c and SCR can be trustfully used to discriminate partially lesioned rats from healthy controls.