The present review examines the factors and variables that should be considered to obtain, design, and evaluate EFEs that might enhance ruminal NDF degradability. Different combinations of words were introduced in Google Scholar, then scientific articles were examined and included if the reported factors and variables addressed the objective of this review. One-hundred-and-sixteen articles were included. The fungal strains and culture media used to grow white-rot fungi induced the production of specific isoforms of cellulases and xylanases; therefore, EFE products for ruminant feed applications should be obtained in cultures that include the high-fibrous forages used in the diets of those animals. Additionally, the temperature, pH, osmolarity conditions, and EFE synergisms and interactions with ruminal microbiota and endogenous fibrolytic enzymes should be considered. More consistent results have been observed in studies that correlate the cellulase-to-xylanase ratio with ruminant productive behavior. EFE protection (immobilization) allows researchers to obtain enzymatic products that may act under ruminal pH and temperature conditions. It is possible to generate multi-enzyme cocktails that act at different times, re-associate enzymes, and simulate natural protective structures such as cellulosomes. Some EFEs could consistently improve ruminal NDF degradability if we consider fungal cultures and ruminal environmental conditions variables, and include biotechnological tools that might be useful to design novel enzymatic products.

RESUMENEl presente estudio es un análisis de elementos científicos sobre el metabolismo de los rumiantes: polisacáridos, proteínas y lípidos. Donde i) la digestión fermentativa realizada por microorganismos, ii) la digestión y absorción posruminal y iii) el metabolismo de cada monómero, se asocian con analitos sanguíneos que otorgan una aproximación al metabolismo nutricional del animal, además confieren información sobre alteraciones y ajustes homeostáticos. Esta revisión hace énfasis en el metabolismo de monosacáridos, aminoácidos y ácidos grasos. Por lo tanto, la información revisada pretende hacer más accesibles los procesos catabólicos y anabólicos en la nutrición de los rumiantes.

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Efecto del nivel de dióxido de carbono de la incubadora sobre el desarrollo embrionario y parámetros de eclosión en pollo de engorda Effect of incubator carbon dioxide level on embryonic development and hatching parameters in broiler chicken