On the basis of the limited data available, the best evidence is for the use of aripiprazole, fluoxetine and sodium valproate as augmentation agents for total psychosis symptoms and memantine for negative symptoms. However, these conclusions are tempered by generally short follow-up periods and poor study quality.

The efficacy and side‐effect profile for three dose ranges of remoxipride were compared with haloperidol in 242 schizophrenic inpatients in 13 centres. All patients were in a productive phase of schizophrenia according to DSM‐III criteria. Relative efficacy of low dose (30–90 mg daily) vs middle dose (120–240 mg daily) vs high dose (300–600 mg daily) was compared with the standard dose of haloperidol (15–45 mg daily), as were the side effects. It was concluded that the therapeutic efficacy of remoxipride was comparable to that of haloperidol for acute episodes of schizophrenia; that the low dose range was significantly less effective than the higher ranges; that there was a clear advantage of remoxipride over haloperidol with respect to incidence and severity of extrapyramidal symptoms. The general I safety profile of remoxipride as assessed from clinical chemistry, haematology, and cardiovascular variables suggests that remoxipride in the dose ranges studied can be used safely for the treatment of schizophrenic patients.

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Several studies have examined whether ethnicity as an independent factor can influence the individual's dosage of antipsychotics. However, there has been inconsistency in the results of these studies, particularly between white and non-white populations. This retrospective study tests the hypothesis of different dosing of antipsychotics in white Europeans vs. non-white Europeans considering both the self-reported ethnicity and the geographical ancestry calculated using 196 DNA markers.We collected self-reported ethnicity and DNA samples from 209 schizophrenia patients. We tested the association between self-reported and genetically-determined ethnicity with the chlorpromazine equivalent dose of each antipsychotic prescribed at the time of the assessment.We did not find any significant difference between self-reported white European -ethnicity and chlorpromazine equivalent doses (p=0.972). Furthermore, when we considered the geographical ancestry determined by the 196 SNPs, we could not find any correlation between the European ancestry and chlorpromazine equivalent dose.Our preliminary analysis shows that there is no evidence that different ethnic groups receive different dose of antipsychotics.

Understanding the mechanisms of a disease is highly complicated due to the complex pathways involved in the disease progression. Despite several decades of research, the occurrence and prognosis of the diseases is not completely understood even with high throughput experiments like DNA microarray and next-generation sequencing. This is due to challenges in analysis of huge data sets. Systems biology is one of the major divisions of bioinformatics and has laid cutting edge techniques for the better understanding of these pathways. Construction of protein-protein interaction network (PPIN) guides the modern scientists to identify vital proteins through protein-protein interaction network, which facilitates the identification of new drug target and associated proteins. The chapter is focused on PPI databases, construction of PPINs, and its analysis.