Cost comparisons indicate that advanced UV technology may be cost‐effective for drinking water treatment and competitive with other treatment alternatives. A collaborative project funded by the AWWA Research Foundation and the Electric Power Research Institute evaluated five electrotechnologies for their ability to inactivate viable Cryptosporidium oocysts. Advanced ultraviolet (UV) light technology was found to provide greater than 4‐log inactivation of Cryptosporidium. This UV technology was evaluated further from an engineering design and economic standpoint to determine the feasibility of implementing it at existing treatment facilities. This article describes the results of the engineering and economic analyses for advanced UV electrotechnology.

Cannon ball lesions and atrial thrombosis are seldom seen in clinical practice. A variety of infectious or non infectious conditions are associated with them. A meticulous search is required to delineate the exact etiology.Keywords Cannon ball metastases . Hepatocellular carcinoma . Right atrial thrombus A 65-year-old male, presented to us with 4 months history of hemoptysis and low grade fever. General physical examination and clinical examination were unremarkable except for a non-tender hepatomegaly.A chest X-ray done showed multiple cannon ball lesions of variable sizes in all lung fields highly suggestive of metastases (Fig. 1). A PET-CT scan was ordered and it revealed multiple heterogeneously fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) avid mass lesions in bilateral lungs. Another large FDG avid mass lesion was noted in segment IV of liver. There was evidence of FDG avid filling defect with calcification in the subdiaphragmatic and supra-diaphragmatic inferior vena cava (IVC), extending into the right atrium-suggestive of malignant thrombus (Figs. 2 and 3). Australia antigen (HBsAg) was positive. Alfa feto-protein was within normal limits (9.8 ng/mL). Biopsy and subsequent immunehistochemistry performed confirmed the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. He was started on sorafenib and anti-viral therapy.

Expert systems are an emerging technology that has potential benefit to the water industry. The basic elements that comprise an expert system and the method of development of typical systems are reviewed. A simple example relates such a system to the operation of a water treatment plant. The tools (software) available for expert‐system development are reviewed, and a procedural basis for evaluating the most likely application areas within water utility operation and management is presented.

During 2012-13, we diagnosed 4 patients with extensive skeletal tuberculosis (TB) who were referred to us as cases of bony metastasis with unknown primary. Radiological investigations done outside favoured a diagnosis of disseminated malignancy. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan performed in our institute for localization of primary lesion also suggested metastatic disease. There was no evidence of malignancy on histo-pathological examination (HPE) of the involved sites. The diagnosis of TB was established on characteristics HPE. This article highlights the diagnostic dilemma of PET/CT in cases of TB versus malignancy and the importance of HPE for reaching an accurate diagnosis.