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Polycrystalline GdFe 1−x Ni x O 3 (x=0.00, 0.02, 0.04) samples was synthesised using a glycine assisted sol-gel method to investigate the enhanced magnetic and electric properties of Ni substituted GdFeO 3 systems. TG-DSC analysis of prepared samples confirms that GdFe 1−x Ni x O 3 have good thermal stability in high temperatures. The system has been stabilized in an orthorhombic structure with space group Pbnm. The elemental composition of GdFe 1−x Ni x O 3 has been estimated from EDAX spectrum. The results showed oxygen deficiency on increasing the Ni substitution and it has been supported by Rietveld refinement. FE-SEM images and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis reveals that GdFe 1−x Ni x O 3 is a highly porous material and its porosity and specific area increases with Ni substitution. Magnetic measurements indicates that the system exhibited ferrimagnetic behaviour at low temperatures and canted antiferromagnetic behaviour at room temperature. For x=0.04 Ni content, magnetization reversal for applied field of 25 Oe has been observed. Increased coercivity of GdFeO 3 with Ni substitution has been attributed to the grain size effect. From electrical point of view, dielectric permittivity of GdFeO 3 has been enhanced with Ni substitution. This enhancement has been attributed to the cumulative effects of hopping of Fe 2+ -Fe 3+ ions, grain-grain boundary contribution, and space charge polarization. The role of grain-grain boundary contribution is evident from electric modulus spectrum. The space charge effect has been realized in both impedance spectrum and dielectric loss. Temperature-dependent dielectric studies were conducted to understand the mechanisms and various aspects that contribute to the dielectric enhancement. A highly lossy capacitive nature in the P-E loop also suggests space charge effects due to Ni substitution in Fe sites. Availability of free charge carrier concentration is correlated with the optical properties of GdFe 1−x Ni x O 3 . The decrease of optical band gap (2.5-2.21 eV) on increasing Ni content suggests the increasing electronic contribution in the system. Nanotechnology Nanotechnology 33 (2022) 035705 (21pp)

Abstract-In the present work, L-Cysteinium Sodium NitrateChloride (LCSNC) an organic nonlinear optical material has been synthesized by a slow evaporation method. The crystalline nature was confirmed by single crystals X-ray diffraction analysis. The UV-Vis transmittance spectrum shows that the crystal has a good optical transmittance in the entire visible region with lower cutoff wavelength 203 nm. The various functional groups and chemical compositions of the grown crystal have been derived from FTIR spectral analysis. Both dielectric constant and dielectric loss decrease with an increase in frequency. The SHG efficiency was measured by employing the powder Kurtz method.The search for new materials with high optical nonlinearity is an important area due to their applications like optical communication, optical computing, optical information processing, optical disk data storage, laser fusion reactions, laser remote sensing, colour display, medical diagnostics, and so forth [1][2]. Most of the organic NLO crystals usually have poor mechanical and thermal properties and are susceptible to damage during processing even though they have large NLO efficiency. Purely inorganic NLO materials have excellent mechanical and thermal properties but possess relatively modest optical non linearity because of the lack of extended pi-electron delocalization. Organic NLO materials are often superior to inorganic in terms of their response speed, optical clarity, and the magnitude of their third order susceptibility. However, for a material to exhibit NLO activity it should be noncentrosymmetric. Also organic materials have a high nonlinear optical coefficient, higher laser damage threshold, fast response, low mobility, and their large band gap finds many applications [3][4].L-cysteine is an organic compound under an amino acid category. It is one of the naturally occurring protenogenic amino acids. L-cysteine exists in a zwitterionic form; the molecule can combine with anionic, cationic and overall neutral constituents. In this paper we report the growth, structural, vibrational, optical, dielectric, and second harmonic generation (SHG) * E-mail: jap.azee.phy@gmail.com properties of single crystals of L-cysteinium sodium nitrate chloride (LCSNC).The material was synthesized by taking L-cysteine and sodium nitrate in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio.A calculated amount of these materials was taken and dissolved in deionized water then hydrochloric acid was added drop by drop to reduce pH less than 2, then the solution was filtered by a Whatmann filter paper of the 11μm pore size [5]. The prepared solution was allowed to dry at room temperature and the salts were obtained by a slow evaporation technique. The purity of the synthesized salt was further improved by a successive recrystallization process yielding a crystal of the size 21×7×9mm 3 in a growth period of 27 days. The grown single crystal of LCSNC is shown in Fig. 1. The single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the crystal indicates that it crystallizes in a monoclinic sys...