Dengue is the most common mosquito-borne viral infection in tropical and sub-tropical countries. In recent years, India has reported increased incidences of concurrent infection with multiple serotypes of dengue viruses (DENV). In the present study, we have characterized DENV circulating during a single season of 2016 in Pune, India. A total of 64 serum samples from NS1 ELISA positive dengue patients were used for PCR amplification of CprM region of the viral genome and sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis documented circulation of all the four DENV serotypes with predominance of DENV-2 (40.6%). DENV genotyping classified DENV-1 to Genotype V, DENV-2 to Genotype IV, DENV-3 to Genotype III and DENV-4 to Genotype I. Further analysis revealed emergence of a novel clade (D) of genotype I of DENV-4. Subsequent isolation of three DENV-4 viruses in cell culture followed by complete genome sequence analysis confirmed this observation. Additionally, a new genotype within serotype-4 with >6.7% sequence variation from other genotypes was identified. This first report of significant co-circulation of all the four serotypes in a single outbreak in Pune reconfirms need for molecular monitoring of DENV.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder and over the past decades, it has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality affecting the youth and middle-aged as it is the fourth leading cause of disease related to death. In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes the severe pathogenesis cause micro vascular complications: nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy and macro vascular complications: cardiovascular disease, heart attacks and stroke. Under hyperglycemia, activation of different signaling mechanisms such as an increased polyol pathway, advanced-glycation end product formation, activation of Protein Kinase C and hexosamine pathway leads to the over expression of reactive oxygen species and causes pathogenesis of diabetic complications. It is necessary to understand these pathways in diabetic complications causing damage to the secondary system of the body. In the past decade the understanding of these biochemical changes has increased tremendously and various molecules have been exploited as therapeutic targets for diabetic complications as better therapeutic approach. In this review, a brief overview about diabetes mellitus and chronic complications with their current understandings of cellular/molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies along with novel therapeutic strategies is discussed.

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