IntroductionAnalysis of data from HIV testing and counseling (HTC) services provides an opportunity to identify important populations for targeting of HIV prevention efforts. Our primary aim was to describe the demographics of clients presenting to HTC in Bangladesh, a low HIV prevalence country. Our secondary aim was to determine the risk factors for HIV positivity among returning migrant workers who were tested.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study of data collected between 2002 and 2010 from the first HTC service established in Bangladesh, located in three large cities.Results8973 individuals attended HTC services, with 558 (6.2%) of clients testing positive for HIV, including 33 children. The majority of those who tested positive were aged 25–44 (71%), male (70%), and married (68%). Key populations considered at increased risk of HIV, such as female sex workers, people who inject drugs, and males who have sex with males accounted for only 11% of adults who tested positive. Notably, 75% of adults testing positive had a history of migrant work or was the spouse of a migrant worker. In multivariable logistic regression of those with a migrant work history presenting for HTC, we found rural residence, working in the Middle East, and longer duration of migrant work to be independently associated with testing positive, and female gender and higher level of education to be negatively associated.ConclusionsThese data suggest that in Bangladesh, in addition to targeting traditional key populations, HIV prevention efforts should also focus on migrant workers and their spouses.

Circulating recombinant form (CRF) 16_A2D is a rare HIV strain among the most recently identified subsubtype A2. Samples taken from an HIV-seropositive married couple who attended a voluntary counseling and testing unit in Dhaka, Bangladesh showed two rare CRF16_A2D isolates. Further genetic analyses targeting three HIV genes (gag, pol, and env) showed that the two isolates from the couple were closely related making it likely that one of them acquired the virus and transferred it to the other. The husband admitted that he had contact with sex workers and both wife and husband had never traveled outside the country. This indicates that the husband might have acquired the virus from sex workers and that this rare strain is already circulating in the country. Detecting unusual isolates is important to determine the true diversity of HIV strains in the country. Monitoring of such strains will help in identifying transmission patterns and possible interventions to prevent the spread of HIV infection.